format the reference (#225)

Textbook/第11章-模型压缩与加速/11.1-模型压缩简介.md

@@ -224,7 +224,11 @@ NAS 搜索出的网络结构在某些任务上甚至可以达到媲美人类专
 
 
 1. [A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/)
+
 2. [TensorCore](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/accelerating-ai-training-with-tf32-tensor-cores/)
+
 3. Hinton, Geoffrey, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean. [Distilling the knowledge in a neural network.](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.02531.pdf) arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02531 2.7 (2015).
+
 4. Howard, Andrew G., et al. [Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications.](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04861.pdf) arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861 (2017).
+
 5. Deng, Lei, et al. [Model compression and hardware acceleration for neural networks: A comprehensive survey.](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9043731) Proceedings of the IEEE 108.4 (2020): 485-532.

Textbook/第11章-模型压缩与加速/11.2-基于稀疏化的模型压缩.md

@@ -167,16 +167,25 @@ $$APoZ^{(i)}_c = APoZ(O_c^{(i)}) = \frac{\sum_k^N \sum_j^M f(O^{(i)}_{c,j}(k=0))
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- Wright J, Yang A Y, Ganesh A, et al. Robust face recognition via sparse representation. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 2008, 31(2): 210-227.
-- 纪荣嵘,林绍辉,晁飞,吴永坚,黄飞跃.深度神经网络压缩与加速综述.计算机研究与发展,2018,55(09):1871-1888.
-- Hoefler T, Alistarh D, Ben-Nun T, et al. Sparsity in Deep Learning: Pruning and growth for efficient inference and training in neural networks. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2021, 22(241): 1-124.
-- Li H, Kadav A, Durdanovic I, et al. Pruning filters for efficient convnets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.08710, 2016.
-- Liu Z, Li J, Shen Z, et al. Learning efficient convolutional networks through network slimming. Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision. 2017: 2736-2744.
-- Hu H, Peng R, Tai Y W, et al. Network trimming: A data-driven neuron pruning approach towards efficient deep architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.03250, 2016.
-- Ren M, Pokrovsky A, Yang B, et al. Sbnet: Sparse blocks network for fast inference. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2018: 8711-8720.
-- Aji A F, Heafield K. Sparse communication for distributed gradient descent. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.05021, 2017.
-- Lin Y, Han S, Mao H, et al. Deep gradient compression: Reducing the communication bandwidth for distributed training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.01887, 2017.
-- Deng L, Li G, Han S, et al. Model compression and hardware acceleration for neural networks: A comprehensive survey. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020, 108(4): 485-532.
+1. Wright J, Yang A Y, Ganesh A, et al. Robust face recognition via sparse representation. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 2008, 31(2): 210-227.
+
+2. 纪荣嵘,林绍辉,晁飞,吴永坚,黄飞跃.深度神经网络压缩与加速综述.计算机研究与发展,2018,55(09):1871-1888.
+
+3. Hoefler T, Alistarh D, Ben-Nun T, et al. Sparsity in Deep Learning: Pruning and growth for efficient inference and training in neural networks. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2021, 22(241): 1-124.
+
+4. Li H, Kadav A, Durdanovic I, et al. Pruning filters for efficient convnets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.08710, 2016.
+
+5. Liu Z, Li J, Shen Z, et al. Learning efficient convolutional networks through network slimming. Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision. 2017: 2736-2744.
+
+6. Hu H, Peng R, Tai Y W, et al. Network trimming: A data-driven neuron pruning approach towards efficient deep architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.03250, 2016.
+
+7. Ren M, Pokrovsky A, Yang B, et al. Sbnet: Sparse blocks network for fast inference. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2018: 8711-8720.
+
+8. Aji A F, Heafield K. Sparse communication for distributed gradient descent. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.05021, 2017.
+
+9. Lin Y, Han S, Mao H, et al. Deep gradient compression: Reducing the communication bandwidth for distributed training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.01887, 2017.
+
+10. Deng L, Li G, Han S, et al. Model compression and hardware acceleration for neural networks: A comprehensive survey. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020, 108(4): 485-532.
 
 
 

Textbook/第11章-模型压缩与加速/11.3-模型压缩与硬件加速.md

@@ -115,5 +115,6 @@ TPU的推理芯片中很早就使用了INT8，在后续的训练芯片中也采
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/
-- https://www.jiqizhixin.com/articles/2019-06-25-18
+1. https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/
+
+2. https://www.jiqizhixin.com/articles/2019-06-25-18

Textbook/第13章-人工智能优化计算机系统/13.1-简介与趋势.md

@@ -26,5 +26,6 @@
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- Docker (software). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software))
-- Kubernetes. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes)
+1. Docker (software). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software))
+
+2. Kubernetes. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes)

Textbook/第13章-人工智能优化计算机系统/13.2-学习增强系统的应用.md

@@ -125,14 +125,24 @@ Resource Central 的架构如上图所示，它包含线下（Offline）和 客
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- Jasper Snoek, Oren Rippel, Kevin Swersky, Ryan Kiros, Nadathur Satish, Narayanan Sundaram, Md. Mostofa Ali Patwary, Prabhat Prabhat, and Ryan P. Adams. 2015. [*Scalable Bayesian optimization using deep neural networks*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3045118.3045349). In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning - Volume 37 (ICML'15).
-- Tianyin Xu, Long Jin, Xuepeng Fan, Yuanyuan Zhou, Shankar Pasupathy, and Rukma Talwadker. 2015. [*Hey, You Have Given Me Too Many Knobs!: Understanding and Dealing with Over-Designed Configuration in System Software*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2786805.2786852). In Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE '15). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Hongzi Mao, Ravi Netravali, and Mohammad Alizadeh. 2017. [*Neural Adaptive Video Streaming with Pensieve*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3098822.3098843). In Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Dana Van Aken, Andrew Pavlo, Geoffrey J. Gordon, and Bohan Zhang. 2017. [*Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3035918.3064029). In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Omid Alipourfard, Hongqiang Harry Liu, Jianshu Chen, Shivaram Venkataraman, Minlan Yu, and Ming Zhang. 2017. [*CherryPick: Adaptively Unearthing the Best Cloud Configurations for Big Data Analytics*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3154630.3154669). In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 17). USENIX Association.
-- Tim Kraska, Alex Beutel, Ed H. Chi, Jeffrey Dean, and Neoklis Polyzotis. 2018. [*The Case for Learned Index Structures*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909). In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '18). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Eli Cortez, Anand Bonde, Alexandre Muzio, Mark Russinovich, Marcus Fontoura, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2017. [*Resource Central: Understanding and Predicting Workloads for Improved Resource Management in Large Cloud Platforms*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3132747.3132772). In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Zhao Lucis Li, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Wenjia He, Lianjie Zhu, Wenjun Dai, Jin Jiang, and Guangzhong Sun. 2018. [*Metis: Robustly Optimizing Tail Latencies of Cloud Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3277355.3277449). In Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '18). USENIX Association.
-- Jialin Ding, Umar Farooq Minhas, Jia Yu, Chi Wang, Jaeyoung Do, Yinan Li, Hantian Zhang, Badrish Chandramouli, Johannes Gehrke, Donald Kossmann, David Lomet, and Tim Kraska. 2020. [*ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index*](https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711). In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '20). Association for Computing Machinery.
-- Mirhoseini, A., Goldie, A., Yazgan, M. et al. A graph placement methodology for fast chip design. Nature 594, 207–212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03544-w
-- Baotong Lu, Jialin Ding, Eric Lo, Umar Farooq Minhas, and Tianzheng Wang. 2021. [*APEX: a high-performance learned index on persistent memory*](https://doi.org/10.14778/3494124.3494141). Proc. VLDB Endow.
+1. Jasper Snoek, Oren Rippel, Kevin Swersky, Ryan Kiros, Nadathur Satish, Narayanan Sundaram, Md. Mostofa Ali Patwary, Prabhat Prabhat, and Ryan P. Adams. 2015. [*Scalable Bayesian optimization using deep neural networks*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3045118.3045349). In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning - Volume 37 (ICML'15).
+
+2. Tianyin Xu, Long Jin, Xuepeng Fan, Yuanyuan Zhou, Shankar Pasupathy, and Rukma Talwadker. 2015. [*Hey, You Have Given Me Too Many Knobs!: Understanding and Dealing with Over-Designed Configuration in System Software*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2786805.2786852). In Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE '15). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+3. Hongzi Mao, Ravi Netravali, and Mohammad Alizadeh. 2017. [*Neural Adaptive Video Streaming with Pensieve*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3098822.3098843). In Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+4. Dana Van Aken, Andrew Pavlo, Geoffrey J. Gordon, and Bohan Zhang. 2017. [*Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3035918.3064029). In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+5. Omid Alipourfard, Hongqiang Harry Liu, Jianshu Chen, Shivaram Venkataraman, Minlan Yu, and Ming Zhang. 2017. [*CherryPick: Adaptively Unearthing the Best Cloud Configurations for Big Data Analytics*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3154630.3154669). In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 17). USENIX Association.
+
+6. Tim Kraska, Alex Beutel, Ed H. Chi, Jeffrey Dean, and Neoklis Polyzotis. 2018. [*The Case for Learned Index Structures*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909). In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '18). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+7. Eli Cortez, Anand Bonde, Alexandre Muzio, Mark Russinovich, Marcus Fontoura, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2017. [*Resource Central: Understanding and Predicting Workloads for Improved Resource Management in Large Cloud Platforms*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3132747.3132772). In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+8. Zhao Lucis Li, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Wenjia He, Lianjie Zhu, Wenjun Dai, Jin Jiang, and Guangzhong Sun. 2018. [*Metis: Robustly Optimizing Tail Latencies of Cloud Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3277355.3277449). In Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '18). USENIX Association.
+
+9. Jialin Ding, Umar Farooq Minhas, Jia Yu, Chi Wang, Jaeyoung Do, Yinan Li, Hantian Zhang, Badrish Chandramouli, Johannes Gehrke, Donald Kossmann, David Lomet, and Tim Kraska. 2020. [*ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index*](https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711). In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '20). Association for Computing Machinery.
+
+10. Mirhoseini, A., Goldie, A., Yazgan, M. et al. A graph placement methodology for fast chip design. Nature 594, 207–212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03544-w
+
+11. Baotong Lu, Jialin Ding, Eric Lo, Umar Farooq Minhas, and Tianzheng Wang. 2021. [*APEX: a high-performance learned index on persistent memory*](https://doi.org/10.14778/3494124.3494141). Proc. VLDB Endow.

Textbook/第13章-人工智能优化计算机系统/13.3-学习增强系统的落地挑战.md

@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- D. Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-Francois Crespo, and Dan Dennison. 2015. [*Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2969442.2969519). In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS'15). MIT Press.
-- Zhao Lucis Li, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Wei Bai, Qiming Zheng, Yongqiang Xiong, and Guangzhong Sun. 2019. [*Accelerating Rule-matching Systems with Learned Rankers*](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc19/presentation/li-zhao). In Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19). USENIX Association.
-- Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Hui Xue, Mao Yang, Lidong Zhou, Lifei Zhu, Zhao Lucis Li, Zibo Wang, Qi Chen, Quanlu Zhang, Chuanjie Liu, and Wenjun Dai. 2020. [*AutoSys: The Design and Operation of Learning-Augmented Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/3489146.3489168). In Proceedings of the 2020 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '20). USENIX Association.
+1. D. Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-Francois Crespo, and Dan Dennison. 2015. [*Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2969442.2969519). In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS'15). MIT Press.
+
+2. Zhao Lucis Li, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Wei Bai, Qiming Zheng, Yongqiang Xiong, and Guangzhong Sun. 2019. [*Accelerating Rule-matching Systems with Learned Rankers*](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc19/presentation/li-zhao). In Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19). USENIX Association.
+
+3. Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Hui Xue, Mao Yang, Lidong Zhou, Lifei Zhu, Zhao Lucis Li, Zibo Wang, Qi Chen, Quanlu Zhang, Chuanjie Liu, and Wenjun Dai. 2020. [*AutoSys: The Design and Operation of Learning-Augmented Systems*](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/3489146.3489168). In Proceedings of the 2020 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (ATC '20). USENIX Association.

Textbook/第4章-矩阵运算与计算机体系结构/4.1-深度学习的计算模式.md

@@ -70,10 +70,17 @@ $.
 请读者思考，除了矩阵乘法之外，还有哪些你认为深度学习模型中常用到的计算模式或算子呢？ 这些算子在不同的硬件平台上是否有较好的软件库支持呢？
 
 ## 参考文献
-- https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/get-started-with-mkl-for-dpcpp/top.html
-- https://developer.nvidia.com/cublas
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix#Discrete_convolution
-- https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/dl-performance-convolutional/index.html
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network
-- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805)
-- [Attention Is All You Need](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762)
+
+1. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/get-started-with-mkl-for-dpcpp/top.html
+
+2. https://developer.nvidia.com/cublas
+
+3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix#Discrete_convolution
+
+4. https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/dl-performance-convolutional/index.html
+
+5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network
+
+6. [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805)
+
+7. [Attention Is All You Need](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762)

Textbook/第4章-矩阵运算与计算机体系结构/4.2-计算机体系结构与矩阵运算.md

@@ -124,9 +124,15 @@ for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
 思考：请列举一些你能想到的其它CPU体系结构特点，以及思考这些特点对矩阵乘法甚至其它运算带来的好处和影响。
 
 ## 参考文献
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions
-- https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/get-started-with-mkl-for-dpcpp/top.html
-- https://developer.nvidia.com/cublas
-- https://pytorch.org/docs/master/notes/extending.html
+
+1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
+
+2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions
+
+3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions
+
+4. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/get-started-with-mkl-for-dpcpp/top.html
+
+5. https://developer.nvidia.com/cublas
+
+6. https://pytorch.org/docs/master/notes/extending.html

Textbook/第4章-矩阵运算与计算机体系结构/4.3-GPU体系结构与矩阵运算.md

@@ -109,7 +109,10 @@ cd .. && python mnist_custom_linear_cuda.py
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
-- CUDA Programming model: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/index.html 
-- An Even Easier Introduction to CUDA: https://devblogs.nvidia.com/even-easier-introduction-cuda/ 
-- CUSTOM C++ AND CUDA EXTENSIONS: https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/cpp_extension.html
+1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
+
+2. CUDA Programming model: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/index.html 
+
+3. An Even Easier Introduction to CUDA: https://devblogs.nvidia.com/even-easier-introduction-cuda/ 
+
+4. CUSTOM C++ AND CUDA EXTENSIONS: https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/cpp_extension.html

Textbook/第5章-深度学习框架的编译与优化/5.1-深度神经网络编译器.md

@@ -105,11 +105,18 @@ C = t.compute((m, n),
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- https://gcc.gnu.org/
-- The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure: https://llvm.org/
-- LLVM IR and Go: https://blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2018/llvm-ir-and-go/
-- TVM. https://tvm.apache.org/
-- [Ansor : Generating High-Performance Tensor Programs for Deep Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.06762)
-- https://github.com/facebookresearch/TensorComprehensions
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
-- https://cloud.google.com/tpu
+1. https://gcc.gnu.org/
+
+2. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure: https://llvm.org/
+
+3. LLVM IR and Go: https://blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2018/llvm-ir-and-go/
+
+4. TVM. https://tvm.apache.org/
+
+5. [Ansor : Generating High-Performance Tensor Programs for Deep Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.06762)
+
+6. https://github.com/facebookresearch/TensorComprehensions
+
+7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
+
+8. https://cloud.google.com/tpu

Textbook/第5章-深度学习框架的编译与优化/5.2-计算图优化.md

@@ -108,8 +108,12 @@
 
 ## 参考文献
 
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimizing_compiler
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_subexpression_elimination
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_folding
-- TensorFlow Graph Optimizations:https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/graph_optimization
-- Graph Optimizations in ONNX Runtimes: https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/performance/graph-optimizations.html
+1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimizing_compiler
+
+2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_subexpression_elimination
+
+3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_folding
+
+4. TensorFlow Graph Optimizations:https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/graph_optimization
+
+5. Graph Optimizations in ONNX Runtimes: https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/performance/graph-optimizations.html