Hi, we are a team at Microsoft called Bling (Beyond Language Understanding), we help Bing be smarter. Here we wanted to share with all of you our FInite State machine and REgular expression manipulation library (FIRE). We use Fire for many linguistic operations inside Bing such as Tokenization, Multi-word expression matching, Unknown word-guessing, Stemming / Lemmatization just to mention a few.
Bling Fire Tokenizer provides state of the art performance for Natural Language text tokenization. Bling Fire supports the following tokenization algorithms:
- Pattern-based tokenization
- WordPiece tokenization
- SentencePiece Unigram LM
- SentencePiece BPE
- Induced/learned syllabification patterns (identifies possible hyphenation points within a token)
Bling Fire provides uniform interface for working with all four algorithms so there is no difference for the client whether to use tokenizer for XLNET, BERT or your own custom model.
Model files describe the algorithms they are built for and are loaded on demand from external file. There are also two default models for NLTK-style tokenization and sentence breaking, which does not need to be loaded. The default tokenization model follows logic of NLTK, except hyphenated words are split and a few "errors" are fixed.
Normalization can be added to each model, but is optional.
Diffrences between algorithms are summarized here.
Bling Fire Tokenizer high level API designed in a way that it requires minimal or no configuration, or initialization, or additional files and is friendly for use from languages like Python, Ruby, Rust, C#, JavaScript (via WASM), etc.
We have precompiled some popular models and listed with the source code reference below:
| File Name | Models it should be used for | Algorithm | Source Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| wbd.bin | Default Tokenization Model | Pattern-based | src |
| sbd.bin | Default model for Sentence breaking | Pattern-based | src |
| bert_base_tok.bin | BERT Base/Large | WordPiece | src |
| bert_base_cased_tok.bin | BERT Base/Large Cased | WordPiece | src |
| bert_chinese.bin | BERT Chinese | WordPiece | src |
| bert_multi_cased.bin | BERT Multi Lingual Cased | WordPiece | src |
| xlnet.bin | XLNET Tokenization Model | Unigram LM | src |
| xlnet_nonorm.bin | XLNET Tokenization Model /wo normalization | Unigram LM | src |
| bpe_example.bin | A model to test BPE tokenization | BPE | src |
| xlm_roberta_base.bin | XLM Roberta Tokenization | Unigram LM | src |
| laser(100k|250k|500k).bin | Trained on balanced by language WikiMatrix corpus of 80+ languages | Unigram LM | src |
| uri(100k|250k|500k).bin | URL tokenization model trained on a large set of random URLs from the web | Unigram LM | src |
| gpt2.bin | Byte-BPE tokenization model for GPT-2 | byte BPE | src |
| roberta.bin | Byte-BPE tokenization model for Roberta model | byte BPE | src |
| syllab.bin | Multi lingual model to identify allowed hyphenation points inside a word. | W2H | src |
Oh yes, it is also the fastest! We did a comparison of Bling Fire with tokenizers from Hugging Face, Bling Fire runs 4-5 times faster than Hugging Face Tokenizers, see also Bing Blog Post. We did comparison of Bling Fire Unigram LM and BPE implementaion to the same one in SentencePiece library and our implementation is ~2x faster, see XLNET benchmark and BPE benchmark. Not to mention our default models are 10x faster than the same functionality from SpaCy, see benchmark wiki and this Bing Blog Post.
So if low latency inference is what you need then you have to try Bling Fire!
If you simply want to use it in Python, you can install the latest release using pip:
pip install -U blingfire
from blingfire import *
text = 'After reading this post, you will know: What "natural language" is and how it is different from other types of data. What makes working with natural language so challenging. [1]'
print(text_to_sentences(text))
print(text_to_words(text))Expected output:
After reading this post, you will know: What "natural language" is and how it is different from other types of data.
What makes working with natural language so challenging. [1]
After reading this post , you will know : What " natural language " is and how it is different from other types of data . What makes working with natural language so challenging . [ 1 ]
from blingfire import *
# load a custom model from file
h = load_model("./wbd_chuni.bin")
text = 'This is the Bling-Fire tokenizer. 2007年9月日历表_2007年9月农历阳历一览表-万年历'
# custom model output
print(text_to_words_with_model(h, text))
# default model output
print(text_to_words(text))
free_model(h)Expected output:
This is the Bling - Fire tokenizer . 2007 年 9 月 日 历 表 _2007 年 9 月 农 历 阳 历 一 览 表 - 万 年 历
This is the Bling - Fire tokenizer . 2007年9月日历表_2007年9月农历阳历一览表 - 万年历
On one thread, it works 14x faster than orignal BERT tokenizer written in Python. Given this code is written in C++ it can be called from multiple threads without blocking on global interpreter lock thus achieving higher speed-ups for batch mode.
import os
import blingfire
s = "Эpple pie. How do I renew my virtual smart card?: /Microsoft IT/ 'virtual' smart card certificates for DirectAccess are valid for one year. In order to get to microsoft.com we need to type [email protected]."
# one time load the model (we are using the one that comes with the package)
h = blingfire.load_model(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(blingfire.__file__), "bert_base_tok.bin"))
print("Model Handle: %s" % h)
# use the model from one or more threads
print(s)
ids = blingfire.text_to_ids(h, s, 128, 100) # sequence length: 128, oov id: 100
print(ids) # returns a numpy array of length 128 (padded or trimmed)
# free the model at the end
blingfire.free_model(h)
print("Model Freed")Expected output:
Model Handle: 2854016629088
Эpple pie. How do I renew my virtual smart card?: /Microsoft IT/ 'virtual' smart card certificates for DirectAccess are valid for one year. In order to get to microsoft.com we need to type [email protected].
[ 1208 9397 2571 11345 1012 2129 2079 1045 20687 2026 7484 6047
4003 1029 1024 1013 7513 2009 1013 1005 7484 1005 6047 4003
17987 2005 3622 6305 9623 2015 2024 9398 2005 2028 2095 1012
1999 2344 2000 2131 2000 7513 1012 4012 2057 2342 2000 2828
14255 1030 1015 1012 1016 1012 1015 1012 1016 1012 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
Model Freed
import os
import torch
from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
from blingfire import load_model, text_to_ids, free_model
# Load the XLM-RoBERTa tokenizer model provided by BlingFire
model_path = os.path.join("./data", 'xlm_roberta_base.bin')
tokenizer_model = load_model(model_path)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Sample input text
input_texts = [
"+1 (678) 274-9543 US https://lookup.robokiller.com/p/678-274-9543 (678) 274-9543 - roboKiller lookup",
"+1 (678) 274-9543 US https://lookup.robokiller.com/p/678-274-9543 (678) 274-9543 - super robo killer lookup"
]
# Tokenize input texts and create tensors
token_ids = [
torch.cat([
torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.long), # 0 - <s> token
torch.tensor(text_to_ids(tokenizer_model, t, 256, 3, True).astype('int64')), # 3 - <unk>
torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.long) # 2 - </s> token
])
for t in input_texts
]
# Use torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence to pad the sequences
token_ids = pad_sequence(token_ids, batch_first=True, padding_value=1) # 1 - <pad>
print("\nAfter Padding:")
print(token_ids)
# Free the model after use
free_model(tokenizer_model)Since hyphenation API's take one word at a time with the limit of 300 Unicode characters, we need to break the text into words first and then run hyphenation for each token.
import os
import blingfire
# load a provided with the package model
h = blingfire.load_model(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(blingfire.__file__), "syllab.bin"))
# get a text
text = "Like Curiosity, the Perseverance rover was built by engineers and scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Roughly 85% of Perseverance's mass is based on Curiosity \"heritage hardware,\" saving NASA time and money and reducing risk considerably, agency officials have said. Как и Curiosity, марсоход Perseverance был построен инженерами и учеными из Лаборатории реактивного движения НАСА в Пасадене, Калифорния. По словам официальных лиц агентства, примерно 85% массы Perseverance основано на «традиционном оборудовании» Curiosity, что экономит время и деньги NASA и значительно снижает риски."
# break text into words with default model and hyphenate each word
output = " ".join([blingfire.word_hyphenation_with_model(h, w) for w in blingfire.text_to_words(text).split(' ')])
print(output)
# free the model after we are all done
blingfire.free_model(h)The output should be something like this:
Li-ke Cu-rios-i-ty , the Per-se-ve-rance ro-ver was built by en-gi-neers and sci-en-tists at NASA 's Jet Pro-pul-sion La-bo-ra-to-ry in Pa-sa-dena , Cali-for-nia . Roughly 85 % of Per-se-ve-rance 's mass is ba-se-d on Cu-rios-i-ty " he-r-i-tage hard-ware , " sa-ving NASA time and money and re-du-c-ing risk con-si-de-r-ably , agen-cy of-fi-cials ha-ve said . Ка-к и Cu-rios-i-ty , мар-со-ход Per-se-ve-rance бы-л построен ин-же-не-рами и у-че-ны-ми из Ла-бора-то-рии ре-актив-ного дви-же-ния НАСА в Па-са-дене , Ка-ли-фор-ния . По сло-вам офи-ци-аль-ных ли-ц агент-ства , при-мерно 85 % мас-сы Per-se-ve-rance осно-вано на « тра-ди-ци-он-ном обо-ру-до-ва-нии » Cu-rios-i-ty , что эко-но-мит вре-мя и деньги NASA и зна-чи-те-льно сни-жа-ет риски .
Note you can specify any other Unicode character as a hyphen that API inserts into the output string.
Note, everything that is supported in Python is supported by C# API as well. C# also has ability to use parallel computations since all models and functions are stateless you can share the same model across the threads without locks. Let's load XLM Roberta model and tokenize a string, for each token let's get ID and offsets in the original text.
using System;
using BlingFire;
namespace BlingUtilsTest
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// load XLM Roberta tokenization model
var h = BlingFireUtils.LoadModel("./xlm_roberta_base.bin");
// input string
string input = "Autophobia, also called monophobia, isolophobia, or eremophobia, is the specific phobia of isolation. I saw a girl with a telescope. Я увидел девушку с телескопом.";
// get its UTF8 representation
byte[] inBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input);
// allocate space for ids and offsets
int[] Ids = new int[128];
int[] Starts = new int[128];
int[] Ends = new int[128];
// tokenize with loaded XLM Roberta tokenization and output ids and start and end offsets
outputCount = BlingFireUtils.TextToIdsWithOffsets(h, inBytes, inBytes.Length, Ids, Starts, Ends, Ids.Length, 0);
Console.WriteLine(String.Format("return length: {0}", outputCount));
if (outputCount >= 0)
{
Console.Write("tokens from offsets: [");
for(int i = 0; i < outputCount; ++i)
{
int startOffset = Starts[i];
int surfaceLen = Ends[i] - Starts[i] + 1;
string token = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(new ArraySegment<byte>(inBytes, startOffset, surfaceLen));
Console.Write(String.Format("'{0}'/{1} ", token, Ids[i]));
}
Console.WriteLine("]");
}
// free loaded models
BlingFireUtils.FreeModel(h);
}
}
}This code will print the following output:
return length: 49
tokens from offsets: ['Auto'/4396 'pho'/22014 'bia'/9166 ','/4 ' also'/2843 ' called'/35839 ' mono'/22460 'pho'/22014 'bia'/9166 ','/4 ' is'/83 'olo'/7537 'pho'/22014 'bia'/9166 ','/4 ' or'/707 ' '/6 'eremo'/102835 'pho'/22014 'bia'/9166 ','/4 ' is'/83 ' the'/70 ' specific'/29458 ' pho'/53073 'bia'/9166 ' of'/111 ' '/6 'isolation'/219488 '.'/5 ' I'/87 ' saw'/24124 ' a'/10 ' girl'/23040 ' with'/678 ' a'/10 ' tele'/5501 'scope'/70820 '.'/5 ' Я'/1509 ' увидел'/79132 ' дев'/29513 'у'/105 'шку'/46009 ' с'/135 ' теле'/18293 'скоп'/41333 'ом'/419 '.'/5 ]
See this project for more C# examples: https://github.com/microsoft/BlingFire/tree/master/nuget/test .
The goal of integration with JavaScript is ability to run the code in a browser with ML frameworks like TensorFlow.js and FastText web assembly.
Note: this work is still in progress, we are likely to make some changes/improvements there.
import { GetVersion, TextToWords, TextToSentences, LoadModel, FreeModel, TextToIds } from './blingfire_wrapper.js';
$(document).ready(function() {
var text = "I saw a girl with a telescope. Я видел девушку с телескопом.";
var modelHandle1 = null;
$("#btn4").click(function () {
if(modelHandle1 == null) {
(async function () {
modelHandle1 = await LoadModel("./bert_base_tok.bin");
console.log("Model handle: " + modelHandle1);
})();
}
});
$("#btn5").click(function () {
if(modelHandle1 != null) {
FreeModel(modelHandle1);
modelHandle1 = null;
console.log("Model Freed!");
}
});
$("#btn6").click(function () {
if(modelHandle1 != null) {
console.log(TextToIds(modelHandle1, text, 128));
} else {
console.log("Load the model first!");
}
});
});Full example code can be found here. Details of the API are described in the wasm folder.
This notebook demonstrates how Bling Fire tokenizer helps in Stack Overflow posts classification problem.
This document describes how to improve FastText language detection model with Bling Fire and achive 99% accuracy in language detection task for 365 languages.
If you want to create your own tokenization or any other finite-state model, you need to compile the C++ tools first. Then use these tools to compile linugusitc resources from human readble format into binary finite-state machines.
- Setup your environment, once. You need to do this step once, it compiles retail version of the tools and adds the build directory to the PATH.
- Adding BERT-like tokenization model is describing how to add new tokenization model similar to BERT.
- How to add a new Unigram LM model.
- How to add a new BPE model.
Note: please read the documents above in the order before creating your own model. If you have any questions please start an Issue in Github.
Bling Fire is supported for Windows, Linux and Mac (Thanks to Andrew Kane!)
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