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Kernel mode NEON | ||
================ | ||
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TL;DR summary | ||
------------- | ||
* Use only NEON instructions, or VFP instructions that don't rely on support | ||
code | ||
* Isolate your NEON code in a separate compilation unit, and compile it with | ||
'-mfpu=neon -mfloat-abi=softfp' | ||
* Put kernel_neon_begin() and kernel_neon_end() calls around the calls into your | ||
NEON code | ||
* Don't sleep in your NEON code, and be aware that it will be executed with | ||
preemption disabled | ||
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Introduction | ||
------------ | ||
It is possible to use NEON instructions (and in some cases, VFP instructions) in | ||
code that runs in kernel mode. However, for performance reasons, the NEON/VFP | ||
register file is not preserved and restored at every context switch or taken | ||
exception like the normal register file is, so some manual intervention is | ||
required. Furthermore, special care is required for code that may sleep [i.e., | ||
may call schedule()], as NEON or VFP instructions will be executed in a | ||
non-preemptible section for reasons outlined below. | ||
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Lazy preserve and restore | ||
------------------------- | ||
The NEON/VFP register file is managed using lazy preserve (on UP systems) and | ||
lazy restore (on both SMP and UP systems). This means that the register file is | ||
kept 'live', and is only preserved and restored when multiple tasks are | ||
contending for the NEON/VFP unit (or, in the SMP case, when a task migrates to | ||
another core). Lazy restore is implemented by disabling the NEON/VFP unit after | ||
every context switch, resulting in a trap when subsequently a NEON/VFP | ||
instruction is issued, allowing the kernel to step in and perform the restore if | ||
necessary. | ||
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Any use of the NEON/VFP unit in kernel mode should not interfere with this, so | ||
it is required to do an 'eager' preserve of the NEON/VFP register file, and | ||
enable the NEON/VFP unit explicitly so no exceptions are generated on first | ||
subsequent use. This is handled by the function kernel_neon_begin(), which | ||
should be called before any kernel mode NEON or VFP instructions are issued. | ||
Likewise, the NEON/VFP unit should be disabled again after use to make sure user | ||
mode will hit the lazy restore trap upon next use. This is handled by the | ||
function kernel_neon_end(). | ||
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Interruptions in kernel mode | ||
---------------------------- | ||
For reasons of performance and simplicity, it was decided that there shall be no | ||
preserve/restore mechanism for the kernel mode NEON/VFP register contents. This | ||
implies that interruptions of a kernel mode NEON section can only be allowed if | ||
they are guaranteed not to touch the NEON/VFP registers. For this reason, the | ||
following rules and restrictions apply in the kernel: | ||
* NEON/VFP code is not allowed in interrupt context; | ||
* NEON/VFP code is not allowed to sleep; | ||
* NEON/VFP code is executed with preemption disabled. | ||
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If latency is a concern, it is possible to put back to back calls to | ||
kernel_neon_end() and kernel_neon_begin() in places in your code where none of | ||
the NEON registers are live. (Additional calls to kernel_neon_begin() should be | ||
reasonably cheap if no context switch occurred in the meantime) | ||
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VFP and support code | ||
-------------------- | ||
Earlier versions of VFP (prior to version 3) rely on software support for things | ||
like IEEE-754 compliant underflow handling etc. When the VFP unit needs such | ||
software assistance, it signals the kernel by raising an undefined instruction | ||
exception. The kernel responds by inspecting the VFP control registers and the | ||
current instruction and arguments, and emulates the instruction in software. | ||
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Such software assistance is currently not implemented for VFP instructions | ||
executed in kernel mode. If such a condition is encountered, the kernel will | ||
fail and generate an OOPS. | ||
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Separating NEON code from ordinary code | ||
--------------------------------------- | ||
The compiler is not aware of the special significance of kernel_neon_begin() and | ||
kernel_neon_end(), i.e., that it is only allowed to issue NEON/VFP instructions | ||
between calls to these respective functions. Furthermore, GCC may generate NEON | ||
instructions of its own at -O3 level if -mfpu=neon is selected, and even if the | ||
kernel is currently compiled at -O2, future changes may result in NEON/VFP | ||
instructions appearing in unexpected places if no special care is taken. | ||
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Therefore, the recommended and only supported way of using NEON/VFP in the | ||
kernel is by adhering to the following rules: | ||
* isolate the NEON code in a separate compilation unit and compile it with | ||
'-mfpu=neon -mfloat-abi=softfp'; | ||
* issue the calls to kernel_neon_begin(), kernel_neon_end() as well as the calls | ||
into the unit containing the NEON code from a compilation unit which is *not* | ||
built with the GCC flag '-mfpu=neon' set. | ||
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As the kernel is compiled with '-msoft-float', the above will guarantee that | ||
both NEON and VFP instructions will only ever appear in designated compilation | ||
units at any optimization level. | ||
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NEON assembler | ||
-------------- | ||
NEON assembler is supported with no additional caveats as long as the rules | ||
above are followed. | ||
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NEON code generated by GCC | ||
-------------------------- | ||
The GCC option -ftree-vectorize (implied by -O3) tries to exploit implicit | ||
parallelism, and generates NEON code from ordinary C source code. This is fully | ||
supported as long as the rules above are followed. | ||
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NEON intrinsics | ||
--------------- | ||
NEON intrinsics are also supported. However, as code using NEON intrinsics | ||
relies on the GCC header <arm_neon.h>, (which #includes <stdint.h>), you should | ||
observe the following in addition to the rules above: | ||
* Compile the unit containing the NEON intrinsics with '-ffreestanding' so GCC | ||
uses its builtin version of <stdint.h> (this is a C99 header which the kernel | ||
does not supply); | ||
* Include <arm_neon.h> last, or at least after <linux/types.h> |
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