blk-crypto: update inline encryption documentation

Rework most of inline-encryption.rst to be easier to follow, to correct
some information, to add some important details and remove some
unimportant details, and to take into account the renaming from
blk_keyslot_manager to blk_crypto_profile.

Reviewed-by: Mike Snitzer <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <[email protected]>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <[email protected]>