Alamofire is an HTTP networking library written in Swift.
- Features
- Component Libraries
- Requirements
- Migration Guides
- Communication
- Installation
- Usage
- Intro - Making a Request, Response Handling, Response Validation, Response Caching
- HTTP - HTTP Methods, Parameter Encoding, HTTP Headers, Authentication
- Large Data - Downloading Data to a File, Uploading Data to a Server
- Tools - Statistical Metrics, cURL Command Output
- Advanced Usage
- URL Session - Session Manager, Session Delegate, Request
- Routing - Routing Requests, Adapting and Retrying Requests
- Model Objects - Custom Response Serialization
- Connection - Security, Network Reachability
- Open Radars
- FAQ
- Credits
- Donations
- License
- Chainable Request / Response Methods
- URL / JSON / plist Parameter Encoding
- Upload File / Data / Stream / MultipartFormData
- Download File using Request or Resume Data
- Authentication with URLCredential
- HTTP Response Validation
- Upload and Download Progress Closures with Progress
- cURL Command Output
- Dynamically Adapt and Retry Requests
- TLS Certificate and Public Key Pinning
- Network Reachability
- Comprehensive Unit and Integration Test Coverage
- Complete Documentation
In order to keep Alamofire focused specifically on core networking implementations, additional component libraries have been created by the Alamofire Software Foundation to bring additional functionality to the Alamofire ecosystem.
- AlamofireImage - An image library including image response serializers,
UIImageandUIImageViewextensions, custom image filters, an auto-purging in-memory cache and a priority-based image downloading system. - AlamofireNetworkActivityIndicator - Controls the visibility of the network activity indicator on iOS using Alamofire. It contains configurable delay timers to help mitigate flicker and can support
URLSessioninstances not managed by Alamofire.
- iOS 8.0+ / macOS 10.10+ / tvOS 9.0+ / watchOS 2.0+
- Xcode 8.3+
- Swift 3.1+
- If you need help, use Stack Overflow. (Tag 'alamofire')
- If you'd like to ask a general question, use Stack Overflow.
- If you found a bug, open an issue.
- If you have a feature request, open an issue.
- If you want to contribute, submit a pull request.
CocoaPods is a dependency manager for Cocoa projects. You can install it with the following command:
$ gem install cocoapodsCocoaPods 1.1+ is required to build Alamofire 4.0+.
To integrate Alamofire into your Xcode project using CocoaPods, specify it in your Podfile:
source 'https://github.com/CocoaPods/Specs.git'
platform :ios, '10.0'
use_frameworks!
target '<Your Target Name>' do
pod 'Alamofire', '~> 4.5'
endThen, run the following command:
$ pod installCarthage is a decentralized dependency manager that builds your dependencies and provides you with binary frameworks.
You can install Carthage with Homebrew using the following command:
$ brew update
$ brew install carthageTo integrate Alamofire into your Xcode project using Carthage, specify it in your Cartfile:
github "Alamofire/Alamofire" ~> 4.5
Run carthage update to build the framework and drag the built Alamofire.framework into your Xcode project.
The Swift Package Manager is a tool for automating the distribution of Swift code and is integrated into the swift compiler. It is in early development, but Alamofire does support its use on supported platforms.
Once you have your Swift package set up, adding Alamofire as a dependency is as easy as adding it to the dependencies value of your Package.swift.
dependencies: [
.Package(url: "https://github.com/Alamofire/Alamofire.git", majorVersion: 4)
]dependencies: [
.package(url: "https://github.com/Alamofire/Alamofire.git", from: "4.0.0")
]If you prefer not to use any of the aforementioned dependency managers, you can integrate Alamofire into your project manually.
-
Open up Terminal,
cdinto your top-level project directory, and run the following command "if" your project is not initialized as a git repository:$ git init
-
Add Alamofire as a git submodule by running the following command:
$ git submodule add https://github.com/Alamofire/Alamofire.git
-
Open the new
Alamofirefolder, and drag theAlamofire.xcodeprojinto the Project Navigator of your application's Xcode project.It should appear nested underneath your application's blue project icon. Whether it is above or below all the other Xcode groups does not matter.
-
Select the
Alamofire.xcodeprojin the Project Navigator and verify the deployment target matches that of your application target. -
Next, select your application project in the Project Navigator (blue project icon) to navigate to the target configuration window and select the application target under the "Targets" heading in the sidebar.
-
In the tab bar at the top of that window, open the "General" panel.
-
Click on the
+button under the "Embedded Binaries" section. -
You will see two different
Alamofire.xcodeprojfolders each with two different versions of theAlamofire.frameworknested inside aProductsfolder.It does not matter which
Productsfolder you choose from, but it does matter whether you choose the top or bottomAlamofire.framework. -
Select the top
Alamofire.frameworkfor iOS and the bottom one for OS X.You can verify which one you selected by inspecting the build log for your project. The build target for
Alamofirewill be listed as eitherAlamofire iOS,Alamofire macOS,Alamofire tvOSorAlamofire watchOS. -
And that's it!
The
Alamofire.frameworkis automagically added as a target dependency, linked framework and embedded framework in a copy files build phase which is all you need to build on the simulator and a device.
import Alamofire
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get")Handling the Response of a Request made in Alamofire involves chaining a response handler onto the Request.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON { response in
print("Request: \(String(describing: response.request))") // original url request
print("Response: \(String(describing: response.response))") // http url response
print("Result: \(response.result)") // response serialization result
if let json = response.result.value {
print("JSON: \(json)") // serialized json response
}
if let data = response.data, let utf8Text = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
print("Data: \(utf8Text)") // original server data as UTF8 string
}
}In the above example, the responseJSON handler is appended to the Request to be executed once the Request is complete. Rather than blocking execution to wait for a response from the server, a callback in the form of a closure is specified to handle the response once it's received. The result of a request is only available inside the scope of a response closure. Any execution contingent on the response or data received from the server must be done within a response closure.
Networking in Alamofire is done asynchronously. Asynchronous programming may be a source of frustration to programmers unfamiliar with the concept, but there are very good reasons for doing it this way.
Alamofire contains five different response handlers by default including:
// Response Handler - Unserialized Response
func response(
queue: DispatchQueue?,
completionHandler: @escaping (DefaultDataResponse) -> Void)
-> Self
// Response Data Handler - Serialized into Data
func responseData(
queue: DispatchQueue?,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<Data>) -> Void)
-> Self
// Response String Handler - Serialized into String
func responseString(
queue: DispatchQueue?,
encoding: String.Encoding?,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<String>) -> Void)
-> Self
// Response JSON Handler - Serialized into Any
func responseJSON(
queue: DispatchQueue?,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<Any>) -> Void)
-> Self
// Response PropertyList (plist) Handler - Serialized into Any
func responsePropertyList(
queue: DispatchQueue?,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<Any>) -> Void))
-> SelfNone of the response handlers perform any validation of the HTTPURLResponse it gets back from the server.
For example, response status codes in the
400..<500and500..<600ranges do NOT automatically trigger anError. Alamofire uses Response Validation method chaining to achieve this.
The response handler does NOT evaluate any of the response data. It merely forwards on all information directly from the URL session delegate. It is the Alamofire equivalent of using cURL to execute a Request.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").response { response in
print("Request: \(response.request)")
print("Response: \(response.response)")
print("Error: \(response.error)")
if let data = response.data, let utf8Text = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
print("Data: \(utf8Text)")
}
}We strongly encourage you to leverage the other response serializers taking advantage of
ResponseandResulttypes.
The responseData handler uses the responseDataSerializer (the object that serializes the server data into some other type) to extract the Data returned by the server. If no errors occur and Data is returned, the response Result will be a .success and the value will be of type Data.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseData { response in
debugPrint("All Response Info: \(response)")
if let data = response.result.value, let utf8Text = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
print("Data: \(utf8Text)")
}
}The responseString handler uses the responseStringSerializer to convert the Data returned by the server into a String with the specified encoding. If no errors occur and the server data is successfully serialized into a String, the response Result will be a .success and the value will be of type String.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseString { response in
print("Success: \(response.result.isSuccess)")
print("Response String: \(response.result.value)")
}If no encoding is specified, Alamofire will use the text encoding specified in the
HTTPURLResponsefrom the server. If the text encoding cannot be determined by the server response, it defaults to.isoLatin1.
The responseJSON handler uses the responseJSONSerializer to convert the Data returned by the server into an Any type using the specified JSONSerialization.ReadingOptions. If no errors occur and the server data is successfully serialized into a JSON object, the response Result will be a .success and the value will be of type Any.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
if let json = response.result.value {
print("JSON: \(json)")
}
}All JSON serialization is handled by the
JSONSerializationAPI in theFoundationframework.
Response handlers can even be chained:
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get")
.responseString { response in
print("Response String: \(response.result.value)")
}
.responseJSON { response in
print("Response JSON: \(response.result.value)")
}It is important to note that using multiple response handlers on the same
Requestrequires the server data to be serialized multiple times. Once for each response handler.
Response handlers by default are executed on the main dispatch queue. However, a custom dispatch queue can be provided instead.
let utilityQueue = DispatchQueue.global(qos: .utility)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON(queue: utilityQueue) { response in
print("Executing response handler on utility queue")
}By default, Alamofire treats any completed request to be successful, regardless of the content of the response. Calling validate before a response handler causes an error to be generated if the response had an unacceptable status code or MIME type.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get")
.validate(statusCode: 200..<300)
.validate(contentType: ["application/json"])
.responseData { response in
switch response.result {
case .success:
print("Validation Successful")
case .failure(let error):
print(error)
}
}Automatically validates status code within 200..<300 range, and that the Content-Type header of the response matches the Accept header of the request, if one is provided.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").validate().responseJSON { response in
switch response.result {
case .success:
print("Validation Successful")
case .failure(let error):
print(error)
}
}Response Caching is handled on the system framework level by URLCache. It provides a composite in-memory and on-disk cache and lets you manipulate the sizes of both the in-memory and on-disk portions.
By default, Alamofire leverages the shared
URLCache. In order to customize it, see the Session Manager Configurations section.
The HTTPMethod enumeration lists the HTTP methods defined in RFC 7231 §4.3:
public enum HTTPMethod: String {
case options = "OPTIONS"
case get = "GET"
case head = "HEAD"
case post = "POST"
case put = "PUT"
case patch = "PATCH"
case delete = "DELETE"
case trace = "TRACE"
case connect = "CONNECT"
}These values can be passed as the method argument to the Alamofire.request API:
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get") // method defaults to `.get`
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/put", method: .put)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/delete", method: .delete)The
Alamofire.requestmethod parameter defaults to.get.
Alamofire supports three types of parameter encoding including: URL, JSON and PropertyList. It can also support any custom encoding that conforms to the ParameterEncoding protocol.
The URLEncoding type creates a url-encoded query string to be set as or appended to any existing URL query string or set as the HTTP body of the URL request. Whether the query string is set or appended to any existing URL query string or set as the HTTP body depends on the Destination of the encoding. The Destination enumeration has three cases:
.methodDependent- Applies encoded query string result to existing query string forGET,HEADandDELETErequests and sets as the HTTP body for requests with any other HTTP method..queryString- Sets or appends encoded query string result to existing query string..httpBody- Sets encoded query string result as the HTTP body of the URL request.
The Content-Type HTTP header field of an encoded request with HTTP body is set to application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8. Since there is no published specification for how to encode collection types, the convention of appending [] to the key for array values (foo[]=1&foo[]=2), and appending the key surrounded by square brackets for nested dictionary values (foo[bar]=baz).
let parameters: Parameters = ["foo": "bar"]
// All three of these calls are equivalent
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get", parameters: parameters) // encoding defaults to `URLEncoding.default`
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get", parameters: parameters, encoding: URLEncoding.default)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get", parameters: parameters, encoding: URLEncoding(destination: .methodDependent))
// https://httpbin.org/get?foo=barlet parameters: Parameters = [
"foo": "bar",
"baz": ["a", 1],
"qux": [
"x": 1,
"y": 2,
"z": 3
]
]
// All three of these calls are equivalent
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post, parameters: parameters)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post, parameters: parameters, encoding: URLEncoding.default)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post, parameters: parameters, encoding: URLEncoding.httpBody)
// HTTP body: foo=bar&baz[]=a&baz[]=1&qux[x]=1&qux[y]=2&qux[z]=3The JSONEncoding type creates a JSON representation of the parameters object, which is set as the HTTP body of the request. The Content-Type HTTP header field of an encoded request is set to application/json.
let parameters: Parameters = [
"foo": [1,2,3],
"bar": [
"baz": "qux"
]
]
// Both calls are equivalent
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post, parameters: parameters, encoding: JSONEncoding.default)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/post", method: .post, parameters: parameters, encoding: JSONEncoding(options: []))
// HTTP body: {"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": {"baz": "qux"}}The PropertyListEncoding uses PropertyListSerialization to create a plist representation of the parameters object, according to the associated format and write options values, which is set as the body of the request. The Content-Type HTTP header field of an encoded request is set to application/x-plist.
In the event that the provided ParameterEncoding types do not meet your needs, you can create your own custom encoding. Here's a quick example of how you could build a custom JSONStringArrayEncoding type to encode a JSON string array onto a Request.
struct JSONStringArrayEncoding: ParameterEncoding {
private let array: [String]
init(array: [String]) {
self.array = array
}
func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = try urlRequest.asURLRequest()
let data = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: array, options: [])
if urlRequest.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}
urlRequest.httpBody = data
return urlRequest
}
}The ParameterEncoding APIs can be used outside of making network requests.
let url = URL(string: "https://httpbin.org/get")!
var urlRequest = URLRequest(url: url)
let parameters: Parameters = ["foo": "bar"]
let encodedURLRequest = try URLEncoding.queryString.encode(urlRequest, with: parameters)Adding a custom HTTP header to a Request is supported directly in the global request method. This makes it easy to attach HTTP headers to a Request that can be constantly changing.
let headers: HTTPHeaders = [
"Authorization": "Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==",
"Accept": "application/json"
]
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/headers", headers: headers).responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}For HTTP headers that do not change, it is recommended to set them on the
URLSessionConfigurationso they are automatically applied to anyURLSessionTaskcreated by the underlyingURLSession. For more information, see the Session Manager Configurations section.
The default Alamofire SessionManager provides a default set of headers for every Request. These include:
Accept-Encoding, which defaults togzip;q=1.0, compress;q=0.5, per RFC 7230 §4.2.3.Accept-Language, which defaults to up to the top 6 preferred languages on the system, formatted likeen;q=1.0, per RFC 7231 §5.3.5.User-Agent, which contains versioning information about the current app. For example:iOS Example/1.0 (com.alamofire.iOS-Example; build:1; iOS 10.0.0) Alamofire/4.0.0, per RFC 7231 §5.5.3.
If you need to customize these headers, a custom URLSessionConfiguration should be created, the defaultHTTPHeaders property updated and the configuration applied to a new SessionManager instance.
Authentication is handled on the system framework level by URLCredential and URLAuthenticationChallenge.
Supported Authentication Schemes
The authenticate method on a Request will automatically provide a URLCredential to a URLAuthenticationChallenge when appropriate:
let user = "user"
let password = "password"
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/\(user)/\(password)")
.authenticate(user: user, password: password)
.responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}Depending upon your server implementation, an Authorization header may also be appropriate:
let user = "user"
let password = "password"
var headers: HTTPHeaders = [:]
if let authorizationHeader = Request.authorizationHeader(user: user, password: password) {
headers[authorizationHeader.key] = authorizationHeader.value
}
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/password", headers: headers)
.responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}let user = "user"
let password = "password"
let credential = URLCredential(user: user, password: password, persistence: .forSession)
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/\(user)/\(password)")
.authenticate(usingCredential: credential)
.responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}It is important to note that when using a
URLCredentialfor authentication, the underlyingURLSessionwill actually end up making two requests if a challenge is issued by the server. The first request will not include the credential which "may" trigger a challenge from the server. The challenge is then received by Alamofire, the credential is appended and the request is retried by the underlyingURLSession.
Requests made in Alamofire that fetch data from a server can download the data in-memory or on-disk. The Alamofire.request APIs used in all the examples so far always downloads the server data in-memory. This is great for smaller payloads because it's more efficient, but really bad for larger payloads because the download could run your entire application out-of-memory. Because of this, you can also use the Alamofire.download APIs to download the server data to a temporary file on-disk.
This will only work on
macOSas is. Other platforms don't allow access to the filesystem outside of your app's sandbox. To download files on other platforms, see the Download File Destination section.
Alamofire.download("https://httpbin.org/image/png").responseData { response in
if let data = response.result.value {
let image = UIImage(data: data)
}
}The
Alamofire.downloadAPIs should also be used if you need to download data while your app is in the background. For more information, please see the Session Manager Configurations section.
You can also provide a DownloadFileDestination closure to move the file from the temporary directory to a final destination. Before the temporary file is actually moved to the destinationURL, the DownloadOptions specified in the closure will be executed. The two currently supported DownloadOptions are:
.createIntermediateDirectories- Creates intermediate directories for the destination URL if specified..removePreviousFile- Removes a previous file from the destination URL if specified.
let destination: DownloadRequest.DownloadFileDestination = { _, _ in
let documentsURL = FileManager.default.urls(for: .documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask)[0]
let fileURL = documentsURL.appendingPathComponent("pig.png")
return (fileURL, [.removePreviousFile, .createIntermediateDirectories])
}
Alamofire.download(urlString, to: destination).response { response in
print(response)
if response.error == nil, let imagePath = response.destinationURL?.path {
let image = UIImage(contentsOfFile: imagePath)
}
}You can also use the suggested download destination API.
let destination = DownloadRequest.suggestedDownloadDestination(for: .documentDirectory)
Alamofire.download("https://httpbin.org/image/png", to: destination)Many times it can be helpful to report download progress to the user. Any DownloadRequest can report download progress using the downloadProgress API.
Alamofire.download("https://httpbin.org/image/png")
.downloadProgress { progress in
print("Download Progress: \(progress.fractionCompleted)")
}
.responseData { response in
if let data = response.result.value {
let image = UIImage(data: data)
}
}The downloadProgress API also takes a queue parameter which defines which DispatchQueue the download progress closure should be called on.
let utilityQueue = DispatchQueue.global(qos: .utility)
Alamofire.download("https://httpbin.org/image/png")
.downloadProgress(queue: utilityQueue) { progress in
print("Download Progress: \(progress.fractionCompleted)")
}
.responseData { response in
if let data = response.result.value {
let image = UIImage(data: data)
}
}If a DownloadRequest is cancelled or interrupted, the underlying URL session may generate resume data for the active DownloadRequest. If this happens, the resume data can be re-used to restart the DownloadRequest where it left off. The resume data can be accessed through the download response, then reused when trying to restart the request.
IMPORTANT: On the latest release of all the Apple platforms (iOS 10, macOS 10.12, tvOS 10, watchOS 3),
resumeDatais broken on background URL session configurations. There's an underlying bug in theresumeDatageneration logic where the data is written incorrectly and will always fail to resume the download. For more information about the bug and possible workarounds, please see this Stack Overflow post.
class ImageRequestor {
private var resumeData: Data?
private var image: UIImage?
func fetchImage(completion: (UIImage?) -> Void) {
guard image == nil else { completion(image) ; return }
let destination: DownloadRequest.DownloadFileDestination = { _, _ in
let documentsURL = FileManager.default.urls(for: .documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask)[0]
let fileURL = documentsURL.appendingPathComponent("pig.png")
return (fileURL, [.removePreviousFile, .createIntermediateDirectories])
}
let request: DownloadRequest
if let resumeData = resumeData {
request = Alamofire.download(resumingWith: resumeData)
} else {
request = Alamofire.download("https://httpbin.org/image/png")
}
request.responseData { response in
switch response.result {
case .success(let data):
self.image = UIImage(data: data)
case .failure:
self.resumeData = response.resumeData
}
}
}
}When sending relatively small amounts of data to a server using JSON or URL encoded parameters, the Alamofire.request APIs are usually sufficient. If you need to send much larger amounts of data from a file URL or an InputStream, then the Alamofire.upload APIs are what you want to use.
The
Alamofire.uploadAPIs should also be used if you need to upload data while your app is in the background. For more information, please see the Session Manager Configurations section.
let imageData = UIImagePNGRepresentation(image)!
Alamofire.upload(imageData, to: "https://httpbin.org/post").responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}let fileURL = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "video", withExtension: "mov")
Alamofire.upload(fileURL, to: "https://httpbin.org/post").responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}Alamofire.upload(
multipartFormData: { multipartFormData in
multipartFormData.append(unicornImageURL, withName: "unicorn")
multipartFormData.append(rainbowImageURL, withName: "rainbow")
},
to: "https://httpbin.org/post",
encodingCompletion: { encodingResult in
switch encodingResult {
case .success(let upload, _, _):
upload.responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}
case .failure(let encodingError):
print(encodingError)
}
}
)While your user is waiting for their upload to complete, sometimes it can be handy to show the progress of the upload to the user. Any UploadRequest can report both upload progress and download progress of the response data using the uploadProgress and downloadProgress APIs.
let fileURL = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "video", withExtension: "mov")
Alamofire.upload(fileURL, to: "https://httpbin.org/post")
.uploadProgress { progress in // main queue by default
print("Upload Progress: \(progress.fractionCompleted)")
}
.downloadProgress { progress in // main queue by default
print("Download Progress: \(progress.fractionCompleted)")
}
.responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}Alamofire collects timings throughout the lifecycle of a Request and creates a Timeline object exposed as a property on all response types.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON { response in
print(response.timeline)
}The above reports the following Timeline info:
Latency: 0.428 secondsRequest Duration: 0.428 secondsSerialization Duration: 0.001 secondsTotal Duration: 0.429 seconds
In iOS and tvOS 10 and macOS 10.12, Apple introduced the new URLSessionTaskMetrics APIs. The task metrics encapsulate some fantastic statistical information about the request and response execution. The API is very similar to the Timeline, but provides many more statistics that Alamofire doesn't have access to compute. The metrics can be accessed through any response type.
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON { response in
print(response.metrics)
}It's important to note that these APIs are only available on iOS and tvOS 10 and macOS 10.12. Therefore, depending on your deployment target, you may need to use these inside availability checks:
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get").responseJSON { response in
if #available(iOS 10.0, *) {
print(response.metrics)
}
}Debugging platform issues can be frustrating. Thankfully, Alamofire Request objects conform to both the CustomStringConvertible and CustomDebugStringConvertible protocols to provide some VERY helpful debugging tools.
let request = Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/ip")
print(request)
// GET https://httpbin.org/ip (200)let request = Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get", parameters: ["foo": "bar"])
debugPrint(request)Outputs:
$ curl -i \
-H "User-Agent: Alamofire/4.0.0" \
-H "Accept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0, compress;q=0.5" \
-H "Accept-Language: en;q=1.0,fr;q=0.9,de;q=0.8,zh-Hans;q=0.7,zh-Hant;q=0.6,ja;q=0.5" \
"https://httpbin.org/get?foo=bar"Alamofire is built on URLSession and the Foundation URL Loading System. To make the most of this framework, it is recommended that you be familiar with the concepts and capabilities of the underlying networking stack.
Recommended Reading
- URL Loading System Programming Guide
- URLSession Class Reference
- URLCache Class Reference
- URLAuthenticationChallenge Class Reference
Top-level convenience methods like Alamofire.request use a default instance of Alamofire.SessionManager, which is configured with the default URLSessionConfiguration.
As such, the following two statements are equivalent:
Alamofire.request("https://httpbin.org/get")let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager.default
sessionManager.request("https://httpbin.org/get")Applications can create session managers for background and ephemeral sessions, as well as new managers that customize the default session configuration, such as for default headers (httpAdditionalHeaders) or timeout interval (timeoutIntervalForRequest).
let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.default
let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager(configuration: configuration)let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.background(withIdentifier: "com.example.app.background")
let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager(configuration: configuration)let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.ephemeral
let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager(configuration: configuration)var defaultHeaders = Alamofire.SessionManager.defaultHTTPHeaders
defaultHeaders["DNT"] = "1 (Do Not Track Enabled)"
let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.default
configuration.httpAdditionalHeaders = defaultHeaders
let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager(configuration: configuration)This is not recommended for
AuthorizationorContent-Typeheaders. Instead, use theheadersparameter in the top-levelAlamofire.requestAPIs,URLRequestConvertibleandParameterEncoding, respectively.
By default, an Alamofire SessionManager instance creates a SessionDelegate object to handle all the various types of delegate callbacks that are generated by the underlying URLSession. The implementations of each delegate method handle the most common use cases for these types of calls abstracting the complexity away from the top-level APIs. However, advanced users may find the need to override the default functionality for various reasons.
The first way to customize the SessionDelegate behavior is through the use of the override closures. Each closure gives you the ability to override the implementation of the matching SessionDelegate API, yet still use the default implementation for all other APIs. This makes it easy to customize subsets of the delegate functionality. Here are a few examples of some of the override closures available:
/// Overrides default behavior for URLSessionDelegate method `urlSession(_:didReceive:completionHandler:)`.
open var sessionDidReceiveChallenge: ((URLSession, URLAuthenticationChallenge) -> (URLSession.AuthChallengeDisposition, URLCredential?))?
/// Overrides default behavior for URLSessionDelegate method `urlSessionDidFinishEvents(forBackgroundURLSession:)`.
open var sessionDidFinishEventsForBackgroundURLSession: ((URLSession) -> Void)?
/// Overrides default behavior for URLSessionTaskDelegate method `urlSession(_:task:willPerformHTTPRedirection:newRequest:completionHandler:)`.
open var taskWillPerformHTTPRedirection: ((URLSession, URLSessionTask, HTTPURLResponse, URLRequest) -> URLRequest?)?
/// Overrides default behavior for URLSessionDataDelegate method `urlSession(_:dataTask:willCacheResponse:completionHandler:)`.
open var dataTaskWillCacheResponse: ((URLSession, URLSessionDataTask, CachedURLResponse) -> CachedURLResponse?)?The following is a short example of how to use the taskWillPerformHTTPRedirection to avoid following redirects to any apple.com domains.
let sessionManager = Alamofire.SessionManager(configuration: URLSessionConfiguration.default)
let delegate: Alamofire.SessionDelegate = sessionManager.delegate
delegate.taskWillPerformHTTPRedirection = { session, task, response, request in
var finalRequest = request
if
let originalRequest = task.originalRequest,
let urlString = originalRequest.url?.urlString,
urlString.contains("apple.com")
{
finalRequest = originalRequest
}
return finalRequest
}Another way to override the default implementation of the SessionDelegate is to subclass it. Subclassing allows you completely customize the behavior of the API or to create a proxy for the API and still use the default implementation. Creating a proxy allows you to log events, emit notifications, provide pre and post hook implementations, etc. Here's a quick example of subclassing the SessionDelegate and logging a message when a redirect occurs.
class LoggingSessionDelegate: SessionDelegate {
override func urlSession(
_ session: URLSession,
task: URLSessionTask,
willPerformHTTPRedirection response: HTTPURLResponse,
newRequest request: URLRequest,
completionHandler: @escaping (URLRequest?) -> Void)
{
print("URLSession will perform HTTP redirection to request: \(request)")
super.urlSession(
session,
task: task,
willPerformHTTPRedirection: response,
newRequest: request,
completionHandler: completionHandler
)
}
}Generally speaking, either the default implementation or the override closures should provide the necessary functionality required. Subclassing should only be used as a last resort.
It is important to keep in mind that the
subdelegatesare initialized and destroyed in the default implementation. Be careful when subclassing to not introduce memory leaks.
The result of a request, download, upload or stream methods are a DataRequest, DownloadRequest, UploadRequest and StreamRequest which all inherit from Request. All Request instances are always created by an owning session manager, and never initialized directly.
Each subclass has specialized methods such as authenticate, validate, responseJSON and uploadProgress that each return the caller instance in order to facilitate method chaining.
Requests can be suspended, resumed and cancelled:
suspend(): Suspends the underlying task and dispatch queue.resume(): Resumes the underlying task and dispatch queue. If the owning manager does not havestartRequestsImmediatelyset totrue, the request must callresume()in order to start.cancel(): Cancels the underlying task, producing an error that is passed to any registered response handlers.
As apps grow in size, it's important to adopt common patterns as you build out your network stack. An important part of that design is how to route your requests. The Alamofire URLConvertible and URLRequestConvertible protocols along with the Router design pattern are here to help.
Types adopting the URLConvertible protocol can be used to construct URLs, which are then used to construct URL requests internally. String, URL, and URLComponents conform to URLConvertible by default, allowing any of them to be passed as url parameters to the request, upload, and download methods:
let urlString = "https://httpbin.org/post"
Alamofire.request(urlString, method: .post)
let url = URL(string: urlString)!
Alamofire.request(url, method: .post)
let urlComponents = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)!
Alamofire.request(urlComponents, method: .post)Applications interacting with web applications in a significant manner are encouraged to have custom types conform to URLConvertible as a convenient way to map domain-specific models to server resources.
extension User: URLConvertible {
static let baseURLString = "https://example.com"
func asURL() throws -> URL {
let urlString = User.baseURLString + "/users/\(username)/"
return try urlString.asURL()
}
}let user = User(username: "mattt")
Alamofire.request(user) // https://example.com/users/matttTypes adopting the URLRequestConvertible protocol can be used to construct URL requests. URLRequest conforms to URLRequestConvertible by default, allowing it to be passed into request, upload, and download methods directly (this is the recommended way to specify custom HTTP body for individual requests):
let url = URL(string: "https://httpbin.org/post")!
var urlRequest = URLRequest(url: url)
urlRequest.httpMethod = "POST"
let parameters = ["foo": "bar"]
do {
urlRequest.httpBody = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: parameters, options: [])
} catch {
// No-op
}
urlRequest.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
Alamofire.request(urlRequest)Applications interacting with web applications in a significant manner are encouraged to have custom types conform to URLRequestConvertible as a way to ensure consistency of requested endpoints. Such an approach can be used to abstract away server-side inconsistencies and provide type-safe routing, as well as manage authentication credentials and other state.
enum Router: URLRequestConvertible {
case search(query: String, page: Int)
static let baseURLString = "https://example.com"
static let perPage = 50
// MARK: URLRequestConvertible
func asURLRequest() throws -> URLRequest {
let result: (path: String, parameters: Parameters) = {
switch self {
case let .search(query, page) where page > 0:
return ("/search", ["q": query, "offset": Router.perPage * page])
case let .search(query, _):
return ("/search", ["q": query])
}
}()
let url = try Router.baseURLString.asURL()
let urlRequest = URLRequest(url: url.appendingPathComponent(result.path))
return try URLEncoding.default.encode(urlRequest, with: result.parameters)
}
}Alamofire.request(Router.search(query: "foo bar", page: 1)) // https://example.com/search?q=foo%20bar&offset=50import Alamofire
enum Router: URLRequestConvertible {
case createUser(parameters: Parameters)
case readUser(username: String)
case updateUser(username: String, parameters: Parameters)
case destroyUser(username: String)
static let baseURLString = "https://example.com"
var method: HTTPMethod {
switch self {
case .createUser:
return .post
case .readUser:
return .get
case .updateUser:
return .put
case .destroyUser:
return .delete
}
}
var path: String {
switch self {
case .createUser:
return "/users"
case .readUser(let username):
return "/users/\(username)"
case .updateUser(let username, _):
return "/users/\(username)"
case .destroyUser(let username):
return "/users/\(username)"
}
}
// MARK: URLRequestConvertible
func asURLRequest() throws -> URLRequest {
let url = try Router.baseURLString.asURL()
var urlRequest = URLRequest(url: url.appendingPathComponent(path))
urlRequest.httpMethod = method.rawValue
switch self {
case .createUser(let parameters):
urlRequest = try URLEncoding.default.encode(urlRequest, with: parameters)
case .updateUser(_, let parameters):
urlRequest = try URLEncoding.default.encode(urlRequest, with: parameters)
default:
break
}
return urlRequest
}
}Alamofire.request(Router.readUser("mattt")) // GET https://example.com/users/matttMost web services these days are behind some sort of authentication system. One of the more common ones today is OAuth. This generally involves generating an access token authorizing your application or user to call the various supported web services. While creating these initial access tokens can be laborsome, it can be even more complicated when your access token expires and you need to fetch a new one. There are many thread-safety issues that need to be considered.
The RequestAdapter and RequestRetrier protocols were created to make it much easier to create a thread-safe authentication system for a specific set of web services.
The RequestAdapter protocol allows each Request made on a SessionManager to be inspected and adapted before being created. One very specific way to use an adapter is to append an Authorization header to requests behind a certain type of authentication.
class AccessTokenAdapter: RequestAdapter {
private let accessToken: String
init(accessToken: String) {
self.accessToken = accessToken
}
func adapt(_ urlRequest: URLRequest) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = urlRequest
if let urlString = urlRequest.url?.absoluteString, urlString.hasPrefix("https://httpbin.org") {
urlRequest.setValue("Bearer " + accessToken, forHTTPHeaderField: "Authorization")
}
return urlRequest
}
}let sessionManager = SessionManager()
sessionManager.adapter = AccessTokenAdapter(accessToken: "1234")
sessionManager.request("https://httpbin.org/get")The RequestRetrier protocol allows a Request that encountered an Error while being executed to be retried. When using both the RequestAdapter and RequestRetrier protocols together, you can create credential refresh systems for OAuth1, OAuth2, Basic Auth and even exponential backoff retry policies. The possibilities are endless. Here's an example of how you could implement a refresh flow for OAuth2 access tokens.
DISCLAIMER: This is NOT a global
OAuth2solution. It is merely an example demonstrating how one could use theRequestAdapterin conjunction with theRequestRetrierto create a thread-safe refresh system.
To reiterate, do NOT copy this sample code and drop it into a production application. This is merely an example. Each authentication system must be tailored to a particular platform and authentication type.
class OAuth2Handler: RequestAdapter, RequestRetrier {
private typealias RefreshCompletion = (_ succeeded: Bool, _ accessToken: String?, _ refreshToken: String?) -> Void
private let sessionManager: SessionManager = {
let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.default
configuration.httpAdditionalHeaders = SessionManager.defaultHTTPHeaders
return SessionManager(configuration: configuration)
}()
private let lock = NSLock()
private var clientID: String
private var baseURLString: String
private var accessToken: String
private var refreshToken: String
private var isRefreshing = false
private var requestsToRetry: [RequestRetryCompletion] = []
// MARK: - Initialization
public init(clientID: String, baseURLString: String, accessToken: String, refreshToken: String) {
self.clientID = clientID
self.baseURLString = baseURLString
self.accessToken = accessToken
self.refreshToken = refreshToken
}
// MARK: - RequestAdapter
func adapt(_ urlRequest: URLRequest) throws -> URLRequest {
if let urlString = urlRequest.url?.absoluteString, urlString.hasPrefix(baseURLString) {
var urlRequest = urlRequest
urlRequest.setValue("Bearer " + accessToken, forHTTPHeaderField: "Authorization")
return urlRequest
}
return urlRequest
}
// MARK: - RequestRetrier
func should(_ manager: SessionManager, retry request: Request, with error: Error, completion: @escaping RequestRetryCompletion) {
lock.lock() ; defer { lock.unlock() }
if let response = request.task?.response as? HTTPURLResponse, response.statusCode == 401 {
requestsToRetry.append(completion)
if !isRefreshing {
refreshTokens { [weak self] succeeded, accessToken, refreshToken in
guard let strongSelf = self else { return }
strongSelf.lock.lock() ; defer { strongSelf.lock.unlock() }
if let accessToken = accessToken, let refreshToken = refreshToken {
strongSelf.accessToken = accessToken
strongSelf.refreshToken = refreshToken
}
strongSelf.requestsToRetry.forEach { $0(succeeded, 0.0) }
strongSelf.requestsToRetry.removeAll()
}
}
} else {
completion(false, 0.0)
}
}
// MARK: - Private - Refresh Tokens
private func refreshTokens(completion: @escaping RefreshCompletion) {
guard !isRefreshing else { return }
isRefreshing = true
let urlString = "\(baseURLString)/oauth2/token"
let parameters: [String: Any] = [
"access_token": accessToken,
"refresh_token": refreshToken,
"client_id": clientID,
"grant_type": "refresh_token"
]
sessionManager.request(urlString, method: .post, parameters: parameters, encoding: JSONEncoding.default)
.responseJSON { [weak self] response in
guard let strongSelf = self else { return }
if
let json = response.result.value as? [String: Any],
let accessToken = json["access_token"] as? String,
let refreshToken = json["refresh_token"] as? String
{
completion(true, accessToken, refreshToken)
} else {
completion(false, nil, nil)
}
strongSelf.isRefreshing = false
}
}
}let baseURLString = "https://some.domain-behind-oauth2.com"
let oauthHandler = OAuth2Handler(
clientID: "12345678",
baseURLString: baseURLString,
accessToken: "abcd1234",
refreshToken: "ef56789a"
)
let sessionManager = SessionManager()
sessionManager.adapter = oauthHandler
sessionManager.retrier = oauthHandler
let urlString = "\(baseURLString)/some/endpoint"
sessionManager.request(urlString).validate().responseJSON { response in
debugPrint(response)
}Once the OAuth2Handler is applied as both the adapter and retrier for the SessionManager, it will handle an invalid access token error by automatically refreshing the access token and retrying all failed requests in the same order they failed.
If you needed them to execute in the same order they were created, you could sort them by their task identifiers.
The example above only checks for a 401 response code which is not nearly robust enough, but does demonstrate how one could check for an invalid access token error. In a production application, one would want to check the realm and most likely the www-authenticate header response although it depends on the OAuth2 implementation.
Another important note is that this authentication system could be shared between multiple session managers. For example, you may need to use both a default and ephemeral session configuration for the same set of web services. The example above allows the same oauthHandler instance to be shared across multiple session managers to manage the single refresh flow.
Alamofire provides built-in response serialization for data, strings, JSON, and property lists:
Alamofire.request(...).responseData { (resp: DataResponse<Data>) in ... }
Alamofire.request(...).responseString { (resp: DataResponse<String>) in ... }
Alamofire.request(...).responseJSON { (resp: DataResponse<Any>) in ... }
Alamofire.request(...).responsePropertyList { resp: DataResponse<Any>) in ... }Those responses wrap deserialized values (Data, String, Any) or errors (network, validation errors), as well as meta-data (URL request, HTTP headers, status code, metrics, ...).
You have several ways to customize all of those response elements:
- Response Mapping
- Handling Errors
- Creating a Custom Response Serializer
- Generic Response Object Serialization
Response mapping is the simplest way to produce customized responses. It transforms the value of a response, while preserving eventual errors and meta-data. For example, you can turn a json response DataResponse<Any> into a response that holds an application model, such as DataResponse<User>. You perform response mapping with the DataResponse.map method:
Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users/mattt").responseJSON { (response: DataResponse<Any>) in
let userResponse = response.map { json in
// We assume an existing User(json: Any) initializer
return User(json: json)
}
// Process userResponse, of type DataResponse<User>:
if let user = userResponse.value {
print("User: { username: \(user.username), name: \(user.name) }")
}
}When the transformation may throw an error, use flatMap instead:
Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users/mattt").responseJSON { response in
let userResponse = response.flatMap { json in
try User(json: json)
}
}Response mapping is a good fit for your custom completion handlers:
@discardableResult
func loadUser(completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<User>) -> Void) -> Alamofire.DataRequest {
return Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users/mattt").responseJSON { response in
let userResponse = response.flatMap { json in
try User(json: json)
}
completionHandler(userResponse)
}
}
loadUser { response in
if let user = response.value {
print("User: { username: \(user.username), name: \(user.name) }")
}
}When the map/flatMap closure may process a big amount of data, make sure you execute it outside of the main thread:
@discardableResult
func loadUser(completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<User>) -> Void) -> Alamofire.DataRequest {
let utilityQueue = DispatchQueue.global(qos: .utility)
return Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users/mattt").responseJSON(queue: utilityQueue) { response in
let userResponse = response.flatMap { json in
try User(json: json)
}
DispatchQueue.main.async {
completionHandler(userResponse)
}
}
}map and flatMap are also available for download responses.
Before implementing custom response serializers or object serialization methods, it's important to consider how to handle any errors that may occur. There are two basic options: passing existing errors along unmodified, to be dealt with at response time; or, wrapping all errors in an Error type specific to your app.
For example, here's a simple BackendError enum which will be used in later examples:
enum BackendError: Error {
case network(error: Error) // Capture any underlying Error from the URLSession API
case dataSerialization(error: Error)
case jsonSerialization(error: Error)
case xmlSerialization(error: Error)
case objectSerialization(reason: String)
}Alamofire provides built-in response serialization for strings, JSON, and property lists, but others can be added in extensions on Alamofire.DataRequest and / or Alamofire.DownloadRequest.
For example, here's how a response handler using Ono might be implemented:
extension DataRequest {
static func xmlResponseSerializer() -> DataResponseSerializer<ONOXMLDocument> {
return DataResponseSerializer { request, response, data, error in
// Pass through any underlying URLSession error to the .network case.
guard error == nil else { return .failure(BackendError.network(error: error!)) }
// Use Alamofire's existing data serializer to extract the data, passing the error as nil, as it has
// already been handled.
let result = Request.serializeResponseData(response: response, data: data, error: nil)
guard case let .success(validData) = result else {
return .failure(BackendError.dataSerialization(error: result.error! as! AFError))
}
do {
let xml = try ONOXMLDocument(data: validData)
return .success(xml)
} catch {
return .failure(BackendError.xmlSerialization(error: error))
}
}
}
@discardableResult
func responseXMLDocument(
queue: DispatchQueue? = nil,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<ONOXMLDocument>) -> Void)
-> Self
{
return response(
queue: queue,
responseSerializer: DataRequest.xmlResponseSerializer(),
completionHandler: completionHandler
)
}
}Generics can be used to provide automatic, type-safe response object serialization.
protocol ResponseObjectSerializable {
init?(response: HTTPURLResponse, representation: Any)
}
extension DataRequest {
func responseObject<T: ResponseObjectSerializable>(
queue: DispatchQueue? = nil,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<T>) -> Void)
-> Self
{
let responseSerializer = DataResponseSerializer<T> { request, response, data, error in
guard error == nil else { return .failure(BackendError.network(error: error!)) }
let jsonResponseSerializer = DataRequest.jsonResponseSerializer(options: .allowFragments)
let result = jsonResponseSerializer.serializeResponse(request, response, data, nil)
guard case let .success(jsonObject) = result else {
return .failure(BackendError.jsonSerialization(error: result.error!))
}
guard let response = response, let responseObject = T(response: response, representation: jsonObject) else {
return .failure(BackendError.objectSerialization(reason: "JSON could not be serialized: \(jsonObject)"))
}
return .success(responseObject)
}
return response(queue: queue, responseSerializer: responseSerializer, completionHandler: completionHandler)
}
}struct User: ResponseObjectSerializable, CustomStringConvertible {
let username: String
let name: String
var description: String {
return "User: { username: \(username), name: \(name) }"
}
init?(response: HTTPURLResponse, representation: Any) {
guard
let username = response.url?.lastPathComponent,
let representation = representation as? [String: Any],
let name = representation["name"] as? String
else { return nil }
self.username = username
self.name = name
}
}Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users/mattt").responseObject { (response: DataResponse<User>) in
debugPrint(response)
if let user = response.result.value {
print("User: { username: \(user.username), name: \(user.name) }")
}
}The same approach can also be used to handle endpoints that return a representation of a collection of objects:
protocol ResponseCollectionSerializable {
static func collection(from response: HTTPURLResponse, withRepresentation representation: Any) -> [Self]
}
extension ResponseCollectionSerializable where Self: ResponseObjectSerializable {
static func collection(from response: HTTPURLResponse, withRepresentation representation: Any) -> [Self] {
var collection: [Self] = []
if let representation = representation as? [[String: Any]] {
for itemRepresentation in representation {
if let item = Self(response: response, representation: itemRepresentation) {
collection.append(item)
}
}
}
return collection
}
}extension DataRequest {
@discardableResult
func responseCollection<T: ResponseCollectionSerializable>(
queue: DispatchQueue? = nil,
completionHandler: @escaping (DataResponse<[T]>) -> Void) -> Self
{
let responseSerializer = DataResponseSerializer<[T]> { request, response, data, error in
guard error == nil else { return .failure(BackendError.network(error: error!)) }
let jsonSerializer = DataRequest.jsonResponseSerializer(options: .allowFragments)
let result = jsonSerializer.serializeResponse(request, response, data, nil)
guard case let .success(jsonObject) = result else {
return .failure(BackendError.jsonSerialization(error: result.error!))
}
guard let response = response else {
let reason = "Response collection could not be serialized due to nil response."
return .failure(BackendError.objectSerialization(reason: reason))
}
return .success(T.collection(from: response, withRepresentation: jsonObject))
}
return response(responseSerializer: responseSerializer, completionHandler: completionHandler)
}
}struct User: ResponseObjectSerializable, ResponseCollectionSerializable, CustomStringConvertible {
let username: String
let name: String
var description: String {
return "User: { username: \(username), name: \(name) }"
}
init?(response: HTTPURLResponse, representation: Any) {
guard
let username = response.url?.lastPathComponent,
let representation = representation as? [String: Any],
let name = representation["name"] as? String
else { return nil }
self.username = username
self.name = name
}
}Alamofire.request("https://example.com/users").responseCollection { (response: DataResponse<[User]>) in
debugPrint(response)
if let users = response.result.value {
users.forEach { print("- \($0)") }
}
}Using a secure HTTPS connection when communicating with servers and web services is an important step in securing sensitive data. By default, Alamofire will evaluate the certificate chain provided by the server using Apple's built in validation provided by the Security framework. While this guarantees the certificate chain is valid, it does not prevent man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks or other potential vulnerabilities. In order to mitigate MITM attacks, applications dealing with sensitive customer data or financial information should use certificate or public key pinning provided by the ServerTrustPolicy.
The ServerTrustPolicy enumeration evaluates the server trust generally provided by an URLAuthenticationChallenge when connecting to a server over a secure HTTPS connection.
let serverTrustPolicy = ServerTrustPolicy.pinCertificates(
certificates: ServerTrustPolicy.certificates(),
validateCertificateChain: true,
validateHost: true
)There are many different cases of server trust evaluation giving you complete control over the validation process:
performDefaultEvaluation: Uses the default server trust evaluation while allowing you to control whether to validate the host provided by the challenge.pinCertificates: Uses the pinned certificates to validate the server trust. The server trust is considered valid if one of the pinned certificates match one of the server certificates.pinPublicKeys: Uses the pinned public keys to validate the server trust. The server trust is considered valid if one of the pinned public keys match one of the server certificate public keys.disableEvaluation: Disables all evaluation which in turn will always consider any server trust as valid.customEvaluation: Uses the associated closure to evaluate the validity of the server trust thus giving you complete control over the validation process. Use with caution.
The ServerTrustPolicyManager is responsible for storing an internal mapping of server trust policies to a particular host. This allows Alamofire to evaluate each host against a different server trust policy.
let serverTrustPolicies: [String: ServerTrustPolicy] = [
"test.example.com": .pinCertificates(
certificates: ServerTrustPolicy.certificates(),
validateCertificateChain: true,
validateHost: true
),
"insecure.expired-apis.com": .disableEvaluation
]
let sessionManager = SessionManager(
serverTrustPolicyManager: ServerTrustPolicyManager(policies: serverTrustPolicies)
)Make sure to keep a reference to the new
SessionManagerinstance, otherwise your requests will all get cancelled when yoursessionManageris deallocated.
These server trust policies will result in the following behavior:
test.example.comwill always use certificate pinning with certificate chain and host validation enabled thus requiring the following criteria to be met to allow the TLS handshake to succeed:- Certificate chain MUST be valid.
- Certificate chain MUST include one of the pinned certificates.
- Challenge host MUST match the host in the certificate chain's leaf certificate.
insecure.expired-apis.comwill never evaluate the certificate chain and will always allow the TLS handshake to succeed.- All other hosts will use the default evaluation provided by Apple.
If you find yourself needing more flexible server trust policy matching behavior (i.e. wildcarded domains), then subclass the ServerTrustPolicyManager and override the serverTrustPolicyForHost method with your own custom implementation.
class CustomServerTrustPolicyManager: ServerTrustPolicyManager {
override func serverTrustPolicy(forHost host: String) -> ServerTrustPolicy? {
var policy: ServerTrustPolicy?
// Implement your custom domain matching behavior...
return policy
}
}The .performDefaultEvaluation, .pinCertificates and .pinPublicKeys server trust policies all take a validateHost parameter. Setting the value to true will cause the server trust evaluation to verify that hostname in the certificate matches the hostname of the challenge. If they do not match, evaluation will fail. A validateHost value of false will still evaluate the full certificate chain, but will not validate the hostname of the leaf certificate.
It is recommended that
validateHostalways be set totruein production environments.
Pinning certificates and public keys both have the option of validating the certificate chain using the validateCertificateChain parameter. By setting this value to true, the full certificate chain will be evaluated in addition to performing a byte equality check against the pinned certificates or public keys. A value of false will skip the certificate chain validation, but will still perform the byte equality check.
There are several cases where it may make sense to disable certificate chain validation. The most common use cases for disabling validation are self-signed and expired certificates. The evaluation would always fail in both of these cases, but the byte equality check will still ensure you are receiving the certificate you expect from the server.
It is recommended that
validateCertificateChainalways be set totruein production environments.
With the addition of App Transport Security (ATS) in iOS 9, it is possible that using a custom ServerTrustPolicyManager with several ServerTrustPolicy objects will have no effect. If you continuously see CFNetwork SSLHandshake failed (-9806) errors, you have probably run into this problem. Apple's ATS system overrides the entire challenge system unless you configure the ATS settings in your app's plist to disable enough of it to allow your app to evaluate the server trust.
If you run into this problem (high probability with self-signed certificates), you can work around this issue by adding the following to your Info.plist.
<dict>
<key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
<dict>
<key>NSExceptionDomains</key>
<dict>
<key>example.com</key>
<dict>
<key>NSExceptionAllowsInsecureHTTPLoads</key>
<true/>
<key>NSExceptionRequiresForwardSecrecy</key>
<false/>
<key>NSIncludesSubdomains</key>
<true/>
<!-- Optional: Specify minimum TLS version -->
<key>NSTemporaryExceptionMinimumTLSVersion</key>
<string>TLSv1.2</string>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>Whether you need to set the NSExceptionRequiresForwardSecrecy to NO depends on whether your TLS connection is using an allowed cipher suite. In certain cases, it will need to be set to NO. The NSExceptionAllowsInsecureHTTPLoads MUST be set to YES in order to allow the SessionDelegate to receive challenge callbacks. Once the challenge callbacks are being called, the ServerTrustPolicyManager will take over the server trust evaluation. You may also need to specify the NSTemporaryExceptionMinimumTLSVersion if you're trying to connect to a host that only supports TLS versions less than 1.2.
It is recommended to always use valid certificates in production environments.
The NetworkReachabilityManager listens for reachability changes of hosts and addresses for both WWAN and WiFi network interfaces.
let manager = NetworkReachabilityManager(host: "www.apple.com")
manager?.listener = { status in
print("Network Status Changed: \(status)")
}
manager?.startListening()Make sure to remember to retain the
managerin the above example, or no status changes will be reported. Also, do not include the scheme in thehoststring or reachability won't function correctly.
There are some important things to remember when using network reachability to determine what to do next.
- Do NOT use Reachability to determine if a network request should be sent.
- You should ALWAYS send it.
- When Reachability is restored, use the event to retry failed network requests.
- Even though the network requests may still fail, this is a good moment to retry them.
- The network reachability status can be useful for determining why a network request may have failed.
- If a network request fails, it is more useful to tell the user that the network request failed due to being offline rather than a more technical error, such as "request timed out."
It is recommended to check out WWDC 2012 Session 706, "Networking Best Practices" for more info.
The following radars have some effect on the current implementation of Alamofire.
rdar://21349340- Compiler throwing warning due to toll-free bridging issue in test caserdar://26870455- Background URL Session Configurations do not work in the simulatorrdar://26849668- Some URLProtocol APIs do not properly handleURLRequest
The following radars have been resolved over time after being filed against the Alamofire project.
rdar://26761490- Swift string interpolation causing memory leak with common usage (Resolved on 9/1/17 in Xcode 9 beta 6).
Alamofire is named after the Alamo Fire flower, a hybrid variant of the Bluebonnet, the official state flower of Texas.
Simple, static data such as paths, parameters and common headers belong in the Router. Dynamic data such as an Authorization header whose value can changed based on an authentication system belongs in a RequestAdapter.
The reason the dynamic data MUST be placed into the RequestAdapter is to support retry operations. When a Request is retried, the original request is not rebuilt meaning the Router will not be called again. The RequestAdapter is called again allowing the dynamic data to be updated on the original request before retrying the Request.
Alamofire is owned and maintained by the Alamofire Software Foundation. You can follow them on Twitter at @AlamofireSF for project updates and releases.
If you believe you have identified a security vulnerability with Alamofire, you should report it as soon as possible via email to [email protected]. Please do not post it to a public issue tracker.
The ASF is looking to raise money to officially register as a federal non-profit organization. Registering will allow us members to gain some legal protections and also allow us to put donations to use, tax free. Donating to the ASF will enable us to:
- Pay our legal fees to register as a federal non-profit organization
- Pay our yearly legal fees to keep the non-profit in good status
- Pay for our mail servers to help us stay on top of all questions and security issues
- Potentially fund test servers to make it easier for us to test the edge cases
- Potentially fund developers to work on one of our projects full-time
The community adoption of the ASF libraries has been amazing. We are greatly humbled by your enthusiasm around the projects, and want to continue to do everything we can to move the needle forward. With your continued support, the ASF will be able to improve its reach and also provide better legal safety for the core members. If you use any of our libraries for work, see if your employers would be interested in donating. Our initial goal is to raise $1000 to get all our legal ducks in a row and kickstart this campaign. Any amount you can donate today to help us reach our goal would be greatly appreciated.
Alamofire is released under the MIT license. See LICENSE for details.