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urbs

urbs is a linear programming optimisation model for capacity expansion planning and unit commitment for distributed energy systems. Its name, latin for city, stems from its origin as a model for optimisation for urban energy systems. Since then, it has been adapted to multiple scales from neighbourhoods to continents.

Documentation Status DOI Gitter

Features

  • urbs is a linear programming model for multi-commodity energy systems with a focus on optimal storage sizing and use.
  • It finds the minimum cost energy system to satisfy given demand timeseries for possibly multiple commodities (e.g. electricity).
  • By default, operates on hourly-spaced timesteps (configurable).
  • Thanks to Pandas, complex data analysis is easy.
  • The model itself is quite small thanks to relying on package Pyomo.
  • The small codebase includes reporting and plotting functionality.

Screenshots

Timeseries plot of 8 days of electricity generation in vertex 'North' in scenario_all_together in hourly resolution: Hydro and biomass provide flat base load of about 50% to cover the daily fluctuating load, while large share of wind and small part photovoltaic generation cover the rest, supported by a day-night storage.

Bar chart of cumulated annual electricity generation costs for all 5 scenarios defined in runme.py.

Installation

Windows

There are 2 ways to get all required packages under Windows. I recommend using the Python distribution Anaconda. If you don't want to use it or already have an existing Python (version 3.5 recommended, 2.7 is supported as well) installation, you can also download the required packages by yourself..

Anaconda (recommended)

  1. Anaconda (Python 3.5). Choose the 64-bit installer if possible.
    During the installation procedure, keep both checkboxes "modify PATH" and "register Python" selected!
  2. Solver: GLPK. (thanks to a bug in pyomo, only version 4.57 or older is supported at the moment [May 2016])
    1. Simply unzip the downloaded version to any folder, e.g. C:\GLPK.
    2. Then add the subdirectory w64, which contains glpsol.exe, to the system path (how), so that the glpsol command is available on the command prompt.
  3. Pyomo
    1. Launch a new command prompt (Win+R, type "cmd", Enter)
    2. Type conda install -c conda-forge pyomo, hit Enter.

Continue at Get Started.

Manually (the hard way)

For all packages, best take the latest release or release candidate version. Both 32 bit and 64 bit versions work, though 64 bit is recommended.

  1. Python 3.5. Python 2.7 is also supported.
  2. pip3.The Python package manager. It allows to install many Python packages with a simple command.
    1. After installation, add C:\Python35\Scripts to environment variable "Path" (how), so that the pip command becomes available on the command prompt.
  3. IPython: execute pip install ipython3 in a command prompt.
  4. SciPy stack: These require binary installers, made available and maintained by C. Gohlke. How to select the correct file: Download the newest stable version of each package, whose filename suffix matches both "bitness" (32 bit or 64 bit) and Python version (i.e. 3.5).
    1. NumPy
    2. SciPy
    3. matplotlib, requires dateutil, pytz, pyparsing and six.
    4. As a test, you can try start ipython and have a MATLAB-style command line with plotting capabilities. If you receive message about "ipython could not be found", check if the C:\Python35\Scripts is added to the "Path" system variable as described in step 2.i. above.
  5. pandas: its Series and DataFrame are used for representing all model input and output. Its capabilities are exploited to write short analysis scripts in runme.py and comp.py, as well as in the functions urbs.plot and urbs.report.
  6. Pyomo: execute pip install pyomo in a command prompt.
  7. Solver: GLPK. (thanks to a bug in pyomo, only version 4.57 or older is supported at the moment [May 2016])
    1. Simply unzip the latest version somewhere, e.g. C:\GLPK.
    2. Then add the subdirectory w64, which contains glpsol.exe, to the system path (like in step 2.i.), so that the glpsol command is available on the command prompt.
  8. Excel reading/writing: pip install xlrd xlwt openpyxl

Continue at Get Started.

Linux

Use your Linux distribution's package manager to get all the packages listed in the Windows installation section. Below is the installation procedure for Ubuntu & Debian. Other distributions might have slightly different package names or differing procedures to get the individual packages to run:

  1. Python and base packages: sudo apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-numpy python3-scipy python3-matplotlib python3-ipython python3-notebook python3-sympy glpk-utils
  2. Up-to-date Python packages: sudo pip3 install pandas pyomo xlwt xlrd openpyxl

(Thanks to a bug in pyomo, solver GLPK only version 4.57 or older is supported at the moment [May 2016]. Please check the version that your distribution installs with glpk-utils and downgrade or use another supported solver.)

Continue at Get Started.

Get started

Once installation is complete, finally install git (for version control). Remark: at step "Adjusting your PATH environment", select "Run Git from the Windows Command Prompt".

Then, in a directory of your choice, clone this repository and execute the runme script by executing the following on the command prompt (Windows) or Terminal (Linux). (Under Linux, you most likely need to call python3 instead of python.):

git clone https://github.com/tum-ens/urbs.git
cd urbs
python runme.py

Some minutes later, the subfolder result should contain plots and summary spreadsheets for multiple optimised energy supply scenarios, whose definitions are contained in the run script (watch out for def scenario lines). To get a graphical and tabular summary over all scenarios, execute

python comp.py

and look at the new files result/mimo-example-.../comp.xlsx and result/mimo-example-.../comp.png for a quick comparison. This script parses the summary spreadsheets for all scenarios.

Next steps

  1. Head over to the tutorial at http://urbs.readthedocs.io, which goes through runme.py step by step.
  2. Read the source code of runme.py and comp.py.
  3. Quickly scan through urbs.py, read docstrings.
  4. Try adding/modifying scenarios in runme.py and see their effect on results.
  5. Fire up IPython (ipython3) and run the scripts from there using the run command: run runme and run comp. Then use whos and inspect the workspace afterwards (whos). See what you can do (analyses, plotting) with the DataFrames. Take the urbs.get_constants, urbs.get_timeseries and urbs.plot functions as inspriation and the Pandas docs as reference.

Further reading

  • If you do not know anything about the command line, read Command Line Crash Course. Python programs are scripts that are executed from the command line, similar to MATLAB scripts that are executed from the MATLAB command prompt.
  • If you do not know Python, try one of the following ressources:
  • The book Python for Data Analysis best summarises the capabilities of the packages installed here. It starts with IPython, then adds NumPy, slowly fades to pandas and then shows first basic, then advanced data conversion and analysis recipes. Visualisation with matplotlib is given its own chapter, both with and without pandas.
  • For a huge buffet of appetizers showing the capabilities of Python for scientific computing, I recommend browsing this gallery of interesting IPython Notebooks.

Example uses

  • Branch 1node in the forked repository ojdo/urbs shows a small example of a real-world usage of the model. It includes a scenario_generator function in its run script, which is useful for extensive parameter sweeps.
  • Branch 1house in the forked repository ojdo/urbs shows another (newer) example of a small-scale application of the model. It demonstrates the use for two demand commodities (electricity and heat) for a single consumer (a single site named 'house'). It also shows how to create a very customized comparison script:

Comparison plot in example study 1house.

  • Branch haag15 in the forked repository ojdo/urbs shows a larger example of a real-world use. Its input file contains a town divided into 12 regions, 12 process types, and 2 demand commodities (electricity and heat) . Patience and RAM (64 GB or more) is needed to run these scenarios with 8760 timesteps. The branch also contains three IPython notebooks that are used for result analysis and coupling to model rivus.

Copyright

Copyright (C) 2014-2016 TUM ENS

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/