adding frustrative aspect

_yrl/feat/Aspect.md

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+---
+layout: feature
+title: 'Aspect'
+shortdef: 'aspect'
+udver: '2'
+---
+
+<table class="typeindex" border="1">
+<tr>
+  <td style="background-color:cornflowerblue;color:white"><strong>Values:</strong> </td>
+  <td><a href="#Hab">Hab</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Imp">Imp</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Iter">Iter</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Perf">Perf</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Prog">Prog</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Prosp">Prosp</a></td>
+  <td><a href="#Frus">Frus</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+Aspect is typically a feature of [verbs](u-pos/VERB).
+It may also occur with other parts of speech
+([nouns](u-pos/NOUN), [adjectives](u-pos/ADJ), [adverbs](u-pos/ADV)),
+depending on whether borderline word forms such as gerunds and participles
+are classified as verbs or as the other category.
+
+Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time,
+whether the action has been completed etc. In some languages
+(e.g. English), some [tenses](Tense) are actually combinations of
+tense and aspect. In other languages (e.g. Czech), aspect and tense
+are separate, although not completely independent of each other.
+
+In Czech and other Slavic languages, aspect is a lexical feature.
+Pairs of imperfective and perfective verbs exist and are often
+morphologically related but the space is highly irregular and the
+verbs are considered to belong to separate lemmas.
+
+Since we proceed bottom-up, the current standard covers only a few
+aspect values found in corpora.  See Wikipedia
+(<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect>) for a long list of
+other possible aspects.
+
+### <a name="Imp">`Imp`</a>: imperfect aspect
+
+The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no
+information whether and when it was / will be completed.
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [cs] _péci_ “to bake” (Imp); _<b>pekl</b> chleba_ “he baked / was
+  baking a bread”
+
+### <a name="Perf">`Perf`</a>: perfect aspect
+
+The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is
+emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion),
+this aspect does not work well with the present tense. For example,
+Czech morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but
+these actually have a future meaning.
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [cs] _upéci_ “to bake” (Perf); _<b>upekl</b> chleba_ “he baked / has
+  baked a bread”
+
+### <a name="Prosp">`Prosp`</a>: prospective aspect
+
+In general, prospective aspect can be described as relative future:
+the action is/was/will be expected to take place at a moment that
+follows the reference point; the reference point itself can be
+in past, present or future.
+In the English sentence
+_When I got home yesterday, John called and said he would arrive soon,_
+the last clause _(he would arrive soon)_ is in prospective aspect.
+Nevertheless, English does not have overt affixal morphemes dedicated
+to the prospective aspect, and we do not need the label in English.
+But other languages do; the _-ko_ suffix in Basque is an example.
+
+Note that this value was called `Pro` in UD v1 and it has been renamed `Prosp`
+in UD v2.
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [eu] _Liburua <b>irakurriko</b> behar du._ lit. _book-a read-Prosp must AUX_ “He must go to read a book.”
+
+### <a name="Prog">`Prog`</a>: progressive aspect
+
+English progressive tenses (_I am eating, I have been doing &hellip;_)
+have this aspect. They are constructed analytically (auxiliary +
+present participle) but the _-ing_ participle is so bound to
+progressive meaning that it seems a good idea to annotate it with this
+feature (we have to distinguish it from the past participle somehow;
+we may use both the "Tense" and the "Aspect" features).
+
+In languages other than English, the progressive meaning may be
+expressed by morphemes bound to the main verb, which makes this value
+even more justified. Example is Turkish with its two distinct progressive
+morphemes, _-yor_ and _-mekte._
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [tr] _eve <b>gidiyor</b>_ “she is going home (now)”
+* [tr] _eve <b>gitmekte</b>_ “she is going home (now)”
+* [tr] _eve <b>gidiyordu</b>_ “she was going home (when I saw her)”
+* [tr] _eve <b>gimekteydi</b>_ “she was going home (when I saw her)”
+
+### <a name="Hab">`Hab`</a>: habitual aspect
+
+English simple present has this aspect.
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [en] _he <b>attends</b> classes of Japanese_
+
+### <a name="Iter">`Iter`</a>: iterative / frequentative aspect
+
+Denotes repeated action. Attested e.g. in Hungarian.
+Iteratives also exist in Czech with this name but their meaning is rather habitual.
+They can be formed
+only from imperfective verbs and they are usually not classified as a separate
+aspect; they are just `Aspect=Imp.`
+
+Note: This value is new in UD v2 but a similar value has been used in UD v1
+as language-specific for Hungarian, though it was called _frequentative_ there
+(`Freq`).
+
+#### Examples
+
+* [hu] _üt_ “hit”, _<b>ütöget</b>_ “hit several times”
+
+### <a name="Frus">`Frus`</a>: frustative aspect
+
+"Frustrative is a grammatical marker that expresses the non-realization of some expected outcome implied by the proposition expressed in the marked clause." (Overall 2017)
+
+"The frustrative is a functional element found in a number of languages which expresses, in its typical use, that an action did not have its intended consequences [...]" (Salanova)
+
+'The frustrative particle in Kimaragang marks unrealized expectations or intentions, counter-
+factuals, etc." (Kroeger 2017)
+
+#### References
+
+Kroeger, Paul. 2017. Frustration, culmination, and inertia in Kimaragang grammar. *Glossa: a journal of general linguistics* 2(1): 56. 1–29, DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.146](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.146)
+
+Overall, S. (2017). A Typology of Frustrative Marking in Amazonian Languages. In A. Aikhenvald & R. Dixon (Eds.), *The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology* (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, pp. 477-512). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316135716.015
+
+Salanova, Andrés Pablo. *A semantics for frustratives.* [https://www.mcgill.ca/linguistics/files/linguistics/a_semantics_for_frustratives.pdf](https://www.mcgill.ca/linguistics/files/linguistics/a_semantics_for_frustratives.pdf)
+
+#### Examples
+
+Examples cited by Avila (2021) (our English translation):
+
+* [yrl] _Indé rewewé <b>yepé</b> kutara [...]&nbsp;_  “You were flying fast in vain [...]” (Casasnovas, 93)
+* [yrl] _Apurakí-putari <b>yepé</b>, ixé se maraari. &nbsp;_  “I wanted to work, but I'm tired.” (Magalhães, 96, adap.)
+
+<!-- Interlanguage links updated So kvě 14 19:02:04 CEST 2022 -->

_yrl/feat/Person-grnd.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ This is realized by an inactive prefix, also called second class pronoun.
 
 ### <a name="2">`2`</a>: second person ground
 
-This is also realized by a second class pronoun.
+This is expressed by a second class pronoun.
 
 #### Examples